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cture subsection 4 1 verbal sentences 4 2 nominal sentences 4 2 1 equations no copula verb 4 2 2 overt verb 4 2 3 sisters of inna 4 2 4 with sisters of kāna 5 verbs 6 see also 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents ʾiʿrab 10 languages العربية asturianu español français bahasa indonesia italiano қазақша bahasa melayu русский سنڌي edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia system of suffixes of classical arabic irab redirects here for the village in iran see irab iran ʾiʿrāb إِعْرَاب ipa ʔiʕraːb is an arabic term for the declension system of nominal adjectival or verbal suffixes of classical arabic to mark grammatical case these suffixes are written in fully vocalized arabic texts notably the qur ān or texts written for children or arabic learners and they are articulated when a text is formally read aloud but they do not survive in any spoken dialect of arabic even in literary arabic these suffixes are often not pronounced in pausa ٱلْوَقْف al waqf i e when the word occurs at the end of the sentence in accordance with certain rules of arabic pronunciation that is the nunation suffix n is generally dropped at the end of a sentence or line of poetry with the notable exception of the nuniyya the vowel suffix may or may not be depending on the requirements of metre depending on the knowledge of ʾiʿrāb some arabic speakers may omit case endings when reading aloud in modern standard arabic thus making it similar to spoken dialects many arabic textbooks for foreigners teach arabic without a heavy focus on ʾiʿrāb either omitting the endings altogether or only giving a small introduction arabic without case endings may require a different and fixed word order similar to spoken arabic dialects etymology edit the term literally means making the word arabic it is the stem iv masdar of the root r b ع ر ب meaning to be fluent so ʾiʿrāb means making a thing expressed disclosed or eloquent the term is cognate to the word arab itself grammatical cases edit case is not shown in standard orthography with the exception of indefinite accusative nouns ending in any letter but tā marbūṭah ة or alif followed by hamzah ء where the a n sits on the letter before an alif added at the end of the word the alif shows up even in unvowelled texts cases however are marked in the qur an children s books and to remove ambiguous situations if marked it is shown at the end of the noun further information on the types of declensions is discussed in the following section along with examples grammatical case endings are not pronounced in pausa and in less formal forms of arabic in vocalised arabic where vowel points are written the case endings may be written even if they are not pronounced some arabic textbooks or children s books skip case endings in vocalised arabic thus allowing both types of pronunciation nominative case edit the nominative al marfū ٱلْمَرْفُوعُ is used in several situations for the subject of a verbal sentence for the subject and predicate of a non verbal equational sentence with some notable exceptions for certain adverbs for the citation form of words for singular nouns and broken plurals it is marked as a usually unwritten ضَمَّة ḍammah u for the definite or ḍammah nunation un for the indefinite the dual and regular masculine plural are formed by adding ـَانِ an i and ـُونَ ūn a respectively just ـَا ā and ـُو ū in the construct state the regular feminine plural is formed by adding ـَاتُ āt u in the definite and ـَاتٌ āt un in the indefinite same spelling accusative case edit the accusative al manṣūb ٱلْمَنْصُوب has several uses the subject of an equational non verbal sentence if it is initiated with إن inna or one of its sisters the particles are subordinating conjunctions which require that the subject of the subordinate complement clause be in the accusative case the predicate of كَانَ يَكُونُ kāna yakūnu be and its sisters there are 13 of these verbs 1 hence ٱلْبِنْتُ جَمِيلَةٌ al bintu jamīlatun the girl is beautiful but ٱلْبِنْتُ كَانَتْ جَمِيلَةً al bintu kānat jamīlatan the girl was beautiful beautiful is spelled the same way in both cases both the subject and the predicate of ظَنَ ẓanna and its sisters in an equational clause as the complement of verbs of seeming the object of a transitive verb most adverbs semi prepositions internal object cognate accusative structure the accusative of specification al tamyīz ٱلتَّمْيِيزُ the accusative of purpose al maf ūl li ajlihi ٱلْمَفْعُولُ لِأَجْلِهِ the circumstantial accusative al ḥāl ٱلْحَال objects of kam كَمْ how much how many cardinal and ordinal numbers from 11 and 13 19 counted nouns of numbers 11 99 exclamation of astonishment i e mā ajmalahā مَا أَجْمَلَهَا oh how beautiful she is vocative first term of construct يَا عبدَ اللهِ yā abd a llah oh abdallah nouns following exceptive particles in non negative sentences the noun following the absolute or categorical negation لَا lā no for singular nouns and broken plurals it is marked as a usually unwritten فَتْحَة fatḥah a for the definite or fatḥah nunation an for the indefinite for the indefinite accusative the fatḥah nunation is added to an ا alif e g ـًا which is added to the ending of all nouns not ending with a alif followed by hamzah or a tā marbūṭah this is the only case when alif is written which affects the unvocalised written arabic e g بَيْتاً bayt an the dual and regular masculine plural are formed by adding ـَيْنِ ayn i and ـِينَ īn a respectively spelled identically ـَيْ ay and ـِي ī in the construct state again spelled identically the regular feminine plural is formed by adding ـَاتِ āt i in the definite and āt in in the indefinite spelled identically some forms of indefinite accusative are mandatory even for spoken and pausal forms of arabic sometimes an is changed to a simple a in pausa or spoken arabic diptotes never take an alif ending in the written arabic and are never pronounced with the ending an genitive case edit the genitive al majrūr ٱلْمَجْرُورُ is used for objects of prepositions construct case the second third fourth etc term of an iḍāfah إِضَافَةٌ genitive construction the object of a locative adverb elative comparative superlative adjectives behave similarly أَطْوَلُ وَلَدٍ aṭwalu waladin tallest boy for singular nouns and broken plurals it is marked as a usually unwritten كَسْرَة kasrah i for the definite or kasrah nunation in for the indefinite the dual and regular masculine plural are formed by adding ـَيْنِ ayn i and ـِيْنَ īn a respectively spelled identically ـَيْ ay and ـِي ī in the construct state again spelled identically the regular feminine plural is formed by adding ـَاتِ āt i in the definite and ـَاتٍ āt in in the indefinite spelled identically in arabic note diptotic nouns receive a fatḥah a in the genitive and are never nunated note there is no dative case instead the preposition لـِ li is used types of declension edit fully declined nouns triptotes edit for fully declined nouns known as triptote مُنْصَرِفٌ munṣarif that is having three separate case endings the suffixes are u a i for nominative accusative and genitive case respectively with the addition of a final n nunation or tanwīn to produce un an and in when the word is indefinite this system applies to most singular nouns in arabic it also applies to feminine nouns ending in ة a at tā marbūṭah and ء hamzah but for these ا alif is not written in the accusative case it also applies to many broken plurals when words end in a at tā marbūṭah the t is pronounced when the case ending is added thus رِسَالَة message is pronounced risāla in pausal form but in classical arabic it becomes رِسَالَةٌ risāla t un رِسَالَةً risāla t an and رِسَالَةٍ risāla t in when case endings are added all usually spelled رسالة when written without the vowel points the final n is dropped when the noun is preceded by the definite article al the n is also dropped when the noun is used in iḍāfah construct state that is when it is followed by a genitive thus nominative مَرْفُوعٌ marfū literally raised baytun بَيْتٌ a house al baytu ٱلْبَيْتُ the house baytu r rajuli بَيْتُ ٱلرَّجُلِ the house of the man accusative مَنْصُوبٌ manṣūb literally erected baytan بَيْتًا a house al bayta ٱلْبَيْتَ the house bayta r rajuli بَيْتَ ٱلرَّجُلِ the house of the man genitive مَجْرُورٌ majrūr literally dragged baytin بَيْتٍ a house al bayti ٱلبَيْتِ the house bayti r rajuli بَيْتِ ٱلرَّجُلِ the house of the man the final n is also dropped in classical poetry at the end of a couplet and the vowel of the ending is pronounced long diptotes edit a few singular nouns including many proper names and names of places and certain types of broken plural are known as diptotes ٱلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنْ ٱلصَّرْفِ al mamnū min aṣ ṣarf literally forbidden from inflecting meaning that they only have two case endings when the noun is indefinite the endings are u for the nominative and a for the genitive and accusative with no nunation the genitive reverts to the normal i when the diptotic noun becomes definite preceded by al or is in the construct state diptotes never take an alif in the accusative case in written arabic sound masculine plurals edit in the case of sound masculine plurals جَمْعُ ٱلْمُذَكَّرُ ٱلسَّالِمُ jam al mudhakkar as sālim mostly denoting male human beings the suffixes are respectively ـُونَ ūna and ـِينَ īna these stay the same whether ال al precedes or not the final a is usually dropped in speech in less formal arabic only īna is used for all cases and the final a is dropped in pausa and in less formal arabic the ن na is dropped when the noun is in iḍāfah construct state thus nominative وَالِدُونَ wālidūna parents more than two ٱلْوَالِدُونَ al wālidūna the parents وَالِدُو ٱلرِّجَالِ wālidū r rijāli the parents of the men accusative and genitive وَالِدِينَ wālidīna parents ٱلْوَالِدِينَ al wālidīna the parents وَالِدِي ٱلرِّجَالِ wālidī r rijāli the parents of the men note ending ـِينَ īna is spelled identically to ـَيْنِ ayni see above sound feminine plurals edit in the case of sound feminine plurals جَمْعُ ٱلْمُؤَنَّثُ ٱلسَّالِمُ jam al mu annath as sālim the suffixes are respectively ـَاتٌ ـَاتُ ātu n ـَاتٍ ـَاتِ āti n and ـَاتٍ ـَاتِ āti n identical spelling the n is only there when the noun is indefinite not preceded by al again the final vowel is dropped in speech and pausa leaving only ـَات āt making all cases pronounced identically the final n is dropped when the noun is in iḍāfah construct state nominative مُدَرِّسَاتٌ mudarrisātun female teachers ٱلْمُدَرِّسَاتُ al mudarrisātu the teachers مُدَرِّسَاتُ ٱلْأَوْلَادِ mudarrisātu l awlādi the teachers of the children accusative and genitive مُدَرِّسَاتٍ mudarrisātin female teachers ٱلْمُدَرِّسَاتِ al mudarrisāti the teachers مُدَرِّسَاتِ ٱلْأَوْلَادِ mudarrisāti l awlādi the teachers of the children other declensional paradigms edit the dual these nouns denote two of something they decline very similarly to the sound masculine plurals because they are not marked for definiteness and look the same in both the accusative and genitive cases for the nominative the marking is āni and for the accusative genitive ayni an example is parents which is wālidāni and wālidayni respectively ٱسْمُ ٱلْمَنْقُوصِ ism al manqūṣ deficient nouns ending with yā these nouns behave differently due to the instability of the final vowel when indefinite these nouns take a final in in the nominative genitive and iyan in the accusative when definite they take a long ī in the nominative genitive and iya in the accusative these nouns were reckoned by the grammarians to have originally taken the triptotic endings but through morpho phonotactic processes the latter resulted an example is judge which is qāḍin qāḍiyan versus al qāḍī and al qāḍiya respectively also a noun can be both ism al manqūṣ and diptotal for example layālin nights is a broken plural with a final unstable vowel with case endings this noun becomes layālin layāliya and al layālī al layāliya ٱسْمُ ٱلْمَقْصُورِ ism al maqṣūr deficient nouns ending with alif or alif maqṣūrah these nouns like their close relative ism al manqūṣ also behave differently due to the instability of a final vowel these nouns are marked only for definiteness as morpho phonotactic processes have resulted in the complete loss of the case distinctions when indefinite they take an which rests on an alif maqṣūrah or occasionally alif when definite they are not marked and they simply retain their long alif or alif maqṣūrah an example is hospital which is mustashfan and al mustashfā respectively if a noun is both ism al maqṣūr and diptotic then it is completely invariable for case invariable nouns invariable nouns are usually those foreign names that end in alif or nouns that end in an additional alif or alif maqṣūrah when that alif or alif maqṣūrah is not part of the root also nouns that are both ism al maqṣūr and diptotic fall into this category additionally there are rare invariable nouns which have other endings like any name ending with ayhi like sībawayhi colloquially pronounced for example in egypt sebæˈweː an example of a common invariable noun is fuṣḥá al fuṣḥá meaning the most eloquent arabic another example is dunyā al dunyā world sentence structure edit a noun s case depends on the role that the noun plays in the sentence there are multiple sentence structures in arabic each of which demands different case endings for the roles in the sentence subject does not always correspond to nominative nor does object always correspond to accusative sentences in arabic are divided into two branches of which are the incomplete phrases jumla inshaiya and the complete phrases jumla khabariya jumla inshaiya is composed of the descriptive phrase and possessive phrase while the jumla khabariya is made up of the verbal sentence jumla fi lya khabariya and the nominal sentence jumla ismiya khabariya the incomplete phrase cannot be a sentence in itself and is usually used in the complete phrases verbal sentences edit in a verbal sentence ٱلْجُمْلَةُ ٱلْفِعْلِيَّةُ al jumlah al fi līyah there is verb subject object word order this is the preferred word order of classical arabic in a verbal sentence the subject takes nominative case and the object takes accusative case such a sentence this writer wrote the written would be formed as follows read from right to left verbal sentence grammatical role object subject verb arabic label مَفْعُولٌ بِهِ maf ūl bihi فَاعِلٌ fā il فِعْلٌ fi l case accusative nominative verb example ٱلْمَكْتُوبَ l maktūba the written هٰذَا ٱلْكَاتِبُ hādhā al kātibu this writer كَتَبَ kataba wrote nominal sentences edit in a...