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ontiers with india nepal and bhutan were completely unguarded virtually no tibetan fled their country as economic or political refugees there was not a single tibetan immigrant in the usa or europe before the communist invasion foreign military invasion not peaceful liberation on the dawn of 6th october 1950 the 52nd 53rd 54th divisions of the 18th army of the red army probably over 40 000 troops attacked the tibetan frontier guarded by 3 500 regular soldiers and 2 000 khampa militiamen recent research by a chinese scholar reveals that mao zedong met stalin on 22nd january 1950 and asked for the soviet air force to transport supplies for the invasion of tibet stalin replied it s good you are preparing to attack tibet the tibetans need to be subdued an english radio operator employed by the tibetan government at the chamdo front wrote that tibetan forward defences at the main ferry point on the drichu river fought almost to the last man in the south at the river crossing near markham the tibetan advance guards fought heroically but were wiped out according to an english missionary there 6 surviving units conducted fighting retreats westwards in good order no unit fled or surrendered four days into the retreat one regiment was overwhelmed and destroyed only two weeks after the initial attack the tibetan army surrendered the biography of a communist official states many tibetans were killed and wounded in the chamdo campaign and the tibetan soldiers fought bravely but they were no match for the superior numbers and better training of the chinese forces according to the only western military expert who wrote on the chinese invasion of tibet the reds suffered at least 10 000 casualties it was not a peaceful liberation of tibet as beijing claims in 1956 the great khampa revolt started and spread throughout the country culminating in the march uprising of 1959 guerilla operations only ceased in 1974 a conservative estimate would have to be no less than half a million tibetans killed in the fighting many more died in the subsequent political campaigns forced labor camps laogai and the great famine the revolutionary uprisings throughout tibet in 2008 and the brutal chinese crackdown clearly demonstrate that the struggle continues today national flag the modern tibetan national flag was adopted in 1916 its first appearance before the world was in national geographic magazine s flags of the world issue of 1934 and other publications and was reproduced in the early thirties in cigarette card collections in europe the flag was probably too new and unknown to appear in the very first flag issue 1917 of the national geographic but tibet did receive mention in an article on medieval flags in that same issue according to an eminent vexillologist professor lux worm the national flag of tibet was based on an older 7th century snow lion standard of the tibetan emperor songtsen gampo it should be borne in mind that over 90 of the flags of the nations in the uno were created after wwii including the present national flag of china national anthem the old tibetan national anthem or national hymn gangri rawae or snow mountain rampart was composed in 1745 by the secular tibetan ruler pholanas it was recited at the end of official ceremonies and sung at the beginning of opera performances in lhasa when the tibetan government came into exile in india a more modern national anthem sishe pende joy and benefits was composed the lyrics were written by dalai lama s tutor trichang rimpoche who was considered a great poet in the classical nyengak skt kaviya tradititon maps of tibet the world with tibet the world map showing tibet as an independent country was released by venerable geshe lhakdor official translator of hh the dalai lama on december 10 2007 world human rights day by giving a copy to rohit singh friends of tibet campaigner who conceptualized the world with tibet education campaign many pre 1950 maps globes and atlases showed tibet as an independent nation separate from china some of the earliest maps on record of asia show tibet variably spelled as tobbat thibbet or the kingdom of barantola as separate from china or cathay a map of asia drawn by the dutch cartographer pietar van der aa around 1680 shows tibet in two parts but distinct from china as does a 1700 map drawn by the french cartographer guillaume de l isle where tibet is referred to as kingdom of grand tibet a map of india china and tibet published in the usa in 1877 clear represents tibet as distinct from the two other nations an 1827 map of asia drawn by anthony finley of philadelphia clearly show great tibet as distinct from the chinese empire probably the largest stained glass globe in the world in boston based on the rand mcnally 1934 map of the world clearly shows tibet as a separate nation following the publication of the great atlas commissioned by the manchu emperor kangxi and created by jesuit cartographers some european maps in the mid 1700s began to depict tibet as part of china the jesuits could not personally survey tibet as they had surveyed china and manchuria since tibet was not part of the chinese empire so they trained two mongol monks in beijing and sent them to make a secret survey of tibet similar clandestine surveys of tibet were conducted by british mapmakers using trained himalayan natives and even a mongol monk an american sinologist has observed that like european colonial powers china could be said to have used cartography to further its colonial enterprise in tibet and korea tibetan currency before the chinese invasion tibet had its own currency based on the tam and srang denomination system the earliest coinage used in tibet was silver and struck in nepal under a treaty agreement a joint chinese tibetan currency the ganden tanka was issued when manchu forces occupied tibet after the chinese army was expelled in 1912 tibet minted its own coin using buddhist and tibetan designs paper currency was only introduced into tibet in the early 20th century but according to the numismatist wolfgang bertsch they were small works of art a unique aspect of tibetan banknotes was that the serial numbers were handwritten by a guild of specialist calligraphists the epa to prevent forgery even after the communist invasion tibetans successfully undermined chinese efforts to take over its currency official chinese currency only came into use after the departure of the dalai lama and the tibetan government from tibet in march 1959 tibetan passport the historic shakabpa passport was issued by the then government of independent tibet in 1947 to the finance secretary tsepong wangchuk dedhen shakabpa who was leading a trade delegation to china the united states and britain on this passport visa and transit visa were issued by countries like the united sates britain india france italy switzerland saudi arabia and egypt however this document got lost from the tibetan community in 1992 and there were rumours that it had been sold to antique dealers and reached into the hands of chinese government officials after 13 years of mystery and search friends of tibet located it with an antique dealer in nepal and later bought it for an undisclosed amount and was later presented to hh the xiv dalai lama in 2004 today this document remains to stand as an important proof of independent status of tibet legally recognised by other countries before china s invasion of tibet in 1949 more about shakabpa passport the tibetan government issued its own passports to travelers entering its borders or the few tibetans who traveled abroad before wwii the term passports covered visas and travel documents in general the earliest record of a tibetan passport issued to a foreign traveler is in 1688 to an armenian merchant johannes the tibetan government gave its approval for the first ever everest expedition 1921 charles bell the visiting british diplomat in lhasa wrote i received from the tibetan government a passport in official form which granted permission for the climbing of mount everest the subsequent everest expeditions of 1922 1924 and 1936 also received passports from the tibetan government passports were sometimes issued for scientific undertakings the schaeffer expedition of 1939 tucci s expedition of 1949 and the plant hunter frank kingdon ward in 1924 president roosevelt s two envoys to tibet in 1942 were presented their passports at yatung the americans lowell thomas jr and sr visited tibet in 1949 and were issued tibetan passports at dhomo when the dalai lama s passport was spread out before us i could not help thinking that many western explorers who had failed to reach lhasa would have highly prized a document like this the first modern tibetan passport with personal information photograph and space for visas and endorsements was issued in 1948 to members of the tibetan trade mission it was modeled on the international one page fold out model of 1915 britain usa and seven other countries issued visas and transit visas for this document treaties one of the most important treaties between the tibetan empire and the chinese empire dates back to ad 821 822 the text carved in tibetan and chinese on a stone pillar near the jokhang temple in lhasa states that great tibet and great china would act towards each other with respect friendship and equality as an independent nation tibet entered into treaties with neighboring states bushair 1681 ladakh 1683 and 1842 nepal 1856 and so on tibet signed a number of treaties and conventions with britain culminating in the simla treaty of 1914 by which british india and tibet reached an agreement on their common frontier india s present day claims to the demarcation of its northern border is based on this treaty which was signed by tibet not china in january 1913 tibet and mongolia signed a treaty in urga the preamble of which reads whereas mongolia and tibet having freed themselves from the manchu dynasty and separated themselves from china have become independent states and whereas the two states have always professed one and the same religion and to the end that their ancient mutual friendships may be strengthened declarations of friendship mutual aid buddhist fraternity and mutual trade etc follow in the various articles the tibetan word rangzen is used throughout to mean independence a tibetan bureau of foreign affairs was established in 1942 which conducted diplomatic relations with britain usa nepal independent india and china witnesses to independent tibet the fact that tibet was a peaceful independent country is attested to by the writings of many impartial western observers who not only visited pre invasion tibet but even lived there for considerable periods of time as the titles of some of their memoirs seem to proudly proclaim twenty years in tibet david mcdonald eight years in tibet peter aufschnieter seven years in tibet heinrich harrer the premier scholar on tibet hugh richardson lived for a total of eight years in tibet and his many writings reveal a country that was functioning orderly peaceful and with a long history of political independence and cultural achievement another great scholar and diplomat charles bell regarded as the architect of britain s tibet policy was convinced that britain and america s refusal to recognise tibetan independence but which they sometimes tacitly acknowledged when it was to their advantage was largely dictated by their desire to increase their commercial profits in china it is almost certain that none of the official propagandists who demonise tibet in chinese publications had witnessed life in old tibet in fact none of beijing s tibet propagandists in the west michael parenti tom grunfeld barry sautman et al had visited tibet before 1980 they often misrepresent old tibetan society and government with select quotes from english journalists and officials la waddell percival landon edmund candler captain wft o connor who accompanied the british invasion force of 1904 and who sought to justify that violent imperialist venture into tibet by demonising tibetan society and institutions the only chinese official with scholarly credentials who spent any length of time in old tibet was dr shen tsung lien representative of the republic of china in lhasa 1944 1949 in his book tibet and the tibetans dr shen writes of a nation clearly distinct from china and one that had enjoyed full independence since 1911 he writes truthfully of a hierarchical conservative society fossilised many centuries back but whose people were orderly peaceable and hospitable but also notorious litigants adding that few peoples in the world are such eloquent pleaders shen also mentions appeals may be addressed to any office to which the disputants belong or even to the dalai lama or his regent march 9 1999 beginning of friends of tibet founded by sethu das in 1999 with just one member friends of tibet india started its activities as an email club informing people about the latest from the chinese occupied tibet and from the tibetan community in exile in india the website of the organisation was inaugurated by venerable yeshi togden president of gu chu sum movement of tibet an association of former political prisoners from tibet on march 9 1999 at dharamshala the seat of the tibetan government in exile friends of tibet is a people s movement to keep alive the issue of tibet through direct action and its activities are aimed at ending china s occupation of tibet and the suffering of the tibetan people friends of tibet supports the continued struggle of the tibetan people for independence friends of tibet is also one of the principal organisers of world tibet day around the world photo ramesh kumar ps friends of tibet committee members with his holiness the xiv dalai lama of tibet 1999 l r jaqueline meier lobsang tsering tenzin tsundue general secretary prashant varma organisational secretary sethu das president purnima phansalkar national coordinator harsh piramal and reshma piramal vice president photo office of his holiness the dalai lama team friends of tibet with his holiness the xiv dalai lama of tibet 2018 l r vijay m crishna smita godrej dr dorjee rapten neshar sethu das arun gandhi tushar a gandhi sunil sridhar and santosh kangutkar with hh the xiv dalai lama on december 12 2018 photo office of hh the dalai lama back to top size 1 color c0c0c0 friends of tibet po box 16674 mumbai 400050 india mobile 91 9061354354 91 9400354354 email freedom friendsoftibet org web www friendsoftibet org friends of tibet is a people s movement to keep alive the issue of tibet through direct action our activities are aimed at ending china s occupation of tibet and the suffering of the tibetan people friends of tibet supports the continued struggle of the tibetan people for independence friends of tibet is also one of the principal organisers of world tibet day around the world digital support design people foundation 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