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es on indigenous history suitable for children unfortunately i don t have many recommendations of my own but i thought i would pass along some links to good places to look for those who want to improve the education kids get on indigenous issues one great place to look is the blog of debbie reese nambe pueblo american indians in children s literature she reviews tons of books and while the number of terrible resources is often overwhelming she helpfully provides a page where you can find lists of books that are great the other central place to look is oyate a fantastic organization that reviews and publishes books featuring indigenous people their website has a section that reviews books as well as a resources section including selections from their book how to tell the difference a guide for evaluating children s books for anti indian bias for teachers i would also highly recommend oyate s book a broken flute an enormous guide that reviews hundreds of books more than that it includes essays and poems from indigenous people including children about their experiences with schooling and the effects of poor treatment of indigenous people in literature it s well worth taking a look at if you get the chance overall i would strongly encourage anyone who wants to better educate children or themself to look at oyate s post on evaluating books and its additional criteria these guides will help you develop a sense for what is appropriate and respectful and what is not three technologies people think pre contact native americans didn t have that they actually did 28 saturday feb 2015 posted by kai in 1 1000 ad 1500 1 bc east coast great lakes great plains mesoamerica pacific northwest pre columbian south america southeast 9 comments 1 writing by this point in time it s fairly well accepted and fairly well known that mesoamerican peoples used writing systems the most famous being classic maya writing mesoamerica is one of the places where writing developed independently rather than being adopted from neighboring people besides the maya system there were numerous others teotihuacan script which hasn t yet been deciphered zapotec script ditto mixtec script mexica aztec script as well as a number of early scripts that aren t entirely understood mesoamerican peoples created screenfold books on amatl paper there were at one point a lot of these but the overwhelming majority were burned by spaniards still many are still around and they re well studied what gets defined as writing is highly political and writing systems in the americas really deserves its own post but i m just going to point out a few systems of communicating information across time and or space that get ignored because archaeologists have not yet deemed them to qualify under the technical category of writing ojibwe and other algonkian people created wiigwaasabakoon birch bark scrolls that recorded information such as historical stories songs medical instructions recipes and more the most well known are the midewiwin scrolls that record the stories of the midewiwin religious society mi kmaq people did something similar and in the 1600s catholic priests adapted the system to use preach the bible to the west on the plains there was also a pictorial system used to transcribe history such as on winter counts and to send messages white horse s winter count there are also a few methods of recording information that seem very far from typical ideas of writing in andean south america groups of knotted cords called khipu were used to record mostly numerical data but also some non numerical data they were essential in the administration of tawantinsuyu the inka empire and continue to be used in a few rural locations today in the northeastern woodlands the haudenosaunee and other nearby nations used woven wampum belts to record historical information i don t know a lot of about it but they were used to pass down information over generations and were also used to record treaties and even send letters the wampum tradition is still strong among haudenosaunee leaders today an inkan khipu 2 woven cloth native americans wore animal skins i think i ve heard that in practically every description of native peoples i ve seen it s certainly true that animal skins and furs were major players in native clothing but often lost in these imagined pictures of deerskin clad natives are the truly fantastic textiles that they created most clothing in mesoamerica was made from cotton and indigenous people in the region are still to this day known for their beautiful colorful cloth weaving pueblo people in the american southwest also made clothing out of cotton andean people made clothing out of cotton on the coasts and llama wool in the highlands all three of these traditions and in reality they re not three traditions but a multitude of different traditions each continue today in the eastern woodlands especially the southeast people made cloth out of plant fibers such as nettle milkweed dogbane and various kinds of bark buffalo hair textiles were also common and on the atlantic coast people wove cloaks made of turkey feathers also made in the southwest i believe the mississippians and their descendants used quite a lot of this cloth though it has been often ignored because textiles don t survive well in the southern climate and it continued to be a major method of making clothes until the 1700s when european textiles mostly supplanted the indigenous tradition throughout the eastern part of north america a unique kind of weaving was used known as fingerweaving which is unusual because it doesn t require a loom and each strand becomes both warp and weft fingerweaving produces long thin cloth and was especially used for garters sashes straps it continued to be used and actually increased in popularity after the introduction of european yarn and it became a major symbol of the metis nation in the form of the assomption sash a lot of metis people including myself continue to practice fingerweaving mid 19th century twined bag from wisconsin possibly ho chunk weaving was also prevalent among west coast peoples though i m unfortunately less familiar with that area woven skirts and hats were one of the most common clothing items among coastal peoples and then there s chilkat weaving which was made from mountain goat hair dog fur or cedar bark and made into the incredible designs that the pacific northwest nations are famous for in recent years there has been a major revival movement in the area to keep practicing these forms of textile creation tlingit chilkat weaving from british columbia attributed to anisalaga mary ebbetts hunt 1823 1919 3 metalwork copper and gold were both very common in the americas before europeans arrived the gold is well known in some ways since that s what made the spanish want to invade so badly metallurgy in south america had early developed into a complex artform complete with smelting technology gold silver electrum bronze and tumbaga were all used initially metalwork was mostly used for decorative purposes to display status but by the time of the inkas had become common for utilitarian purposes as well by 800 ce smelting technology had spread north to central america and mesoamerica where it was particularly specialized in west mexico by the time of the triple alliance the mixtec peoples were known as the best goldworkers in mesoamerica sican ceremonial knife from peru further north copper was the metal of choice it was particularly abundant in the great lakes and it was a major part of eastern trade networks even from the earliest times copper was initially used for practical use such as knives and fishhooks but by the time of the mississippians it had also become popular for decorative depictions of sacred and political images in addition to its practical usage it held an important cosmological position for many people in the eastern woodlands being associated with beings of the upper world such as the thunderers or of the lower world such as beings called in english horned serpents and underwater panthers copper plate from the etowah site in georgia copper was an important metal in the pacific northwest region as well where much of it seems to have come from sources up in alaska iron from japanese ships that washed ashore across the pacific has also been documented both archaeologically and through indigenous oral traditions there are also suggestions that there may have been trade across the bering strait over a long period of time early european traders discovered that metals were one of the most highly desired trade goods among the indigenous people there and worked sheet copper became an important feature of potlatches government concern over the destruction of valuable copper was in fact a major factor in the banning of potlatches and indigenous ceremonies in the northwest traditional designs in metalwork is being revitalized today by many indigenous young people in the region the indigenous women miners of the driftless area 18 wednesday feb 2015 posted by kai in 1800s great lakes history 6 comments tags fur trade ho chunk meskwaki sauk settlement lead mining and the lead rush of the 1820s is a huge part of the cultural narrative of white settlement in southeastern wisconsin and the nearby parts of minnesota illinois and iowa known as the driftless area it s the quintessential frontier story white american men discover a mineral resource and flood the area doing the manly work of mining while they slowly civilize the area for further settlement but the idea that there was this untapped mineral waiting to be found by americans is almost entirely wrong for nearly a century before that the lead mines had been worked with increasing intensity and not just by indians but by indian women specifically a colorplate of a meskwaki family made by jonathan carver in 1781 indigenous people had been mining for lead in small quantities for thousands of years but it was the arrival of the fur trade and especially the firearms it brought that sparked more heavy mining by ho chunk sauk and meskwaki people an american trader predicted that in the summer of 1826 the meskwaki would raise between 600 000 and 800 000 pounds of lead at one of their key mining sites having learned to smelt from early fur traders they used the mines to make lead balls for their guns this had two benefits it provided an alternative trade good to furs which could vary greatly in number and quality depending on the year and it lessened their need to purchase musketballs from the traders this process was highly gendered the actual creation of ammunition was primarily men s work but mining itself was overwhelmingly dominated by women with only a few elderly men participating indigenous women in this area were considered to have domain over the farming fields and the sugar bushes and the mines may have been an extension of this like sugar making mining was probably a seasonal activity incorporated into the cyclical yearly activities women would dig square holes and dredge up the rock and ore then broke up the deposits by heating them and dousing them with cold water before smelting the lead in furnaces cut into hillsides evidence suggests that indigenous women may have had very strong proprietary feelings about the mines as creole communities of mostly french canadian and mixed blood people sprang up in the driftless area such as in prairie du chien only men who married native women were permitted to even see the lead mines one man julien dubuque was unusually granted permission to work the mines after marrying a meskwaki woman whose name has unfortunately been lost in the records the work of monsieur and madame dubuque expanded the mining operations by encouraging a developing creole community that bought indian lead in exchange for trade goods according to ho chunk sources indigenous miners also sold musketballs to other tribes outside the region after the war of 1812 the american military established a more permanent presence in the region at first immigrating american men had to follow tradition and marry indigenous women to get involved with mining but by the late 1820s thousands of white miners and a smaller number of black miners both free and enslaved had rushed to the area the two groups of miners rarely mixed clashing over gender roles language and prejudice worse white men engaged in rowdy behavior and indigenous women who had occupied crucial positions in society until now were abused so frequently that indian men began to try to police them in prairie du chien the predominately metis society passed a law prohibiting white persons skulking around after dark the white miners abuse of indian women their destruction of indigenous food sources and their relentless incursions into indian territory were major issues for indigenous communities by 1830 meanwhile changing circumstances meant that women s production of lead and maple sugar were now more central to indigenous economies than the fur trade leaving men idle and susceptible to drunkenness and belligerence these strains along with longstanding conflicts over certain treaties contributed to the outbreak of the black hawk war in the 1830s the war tore apart indian communities and increased white fear and hatred for indians resulting in the policies of removal that were attempted in the next few decades the sauk and meskwaki were removed several times to iowa kansas and oklahoma some remained hidden in iowa until they were allowed to purchase their own land in 1851 which they still own today as the meskwaki settlement the ho chunk were also removed repeatedly to minnesota south dakota and nebraska though some still live on the nebraska reservation today many ho chunk people refused to leave their wisconsin homeland even walking back all the way from nebraska today they have begun to reacquire their land in southeastern wisconsin for more detailed information on this subject see economy race and gender along the fox wisconsin and rock riveways 1737 1832 by lucy eldersveld murphy the two sentence view of history 14 saturday feb 2015 posted by kai in 1800s historiography sources 138 comments tags contact historiography i ve been reading a lot of accounts recently that argue indigenous people asserted much more control over many areas of the continent into the 19th century than modern people usually assume check out the native ground by kathleen duval or an infinity of nations by michael witgen not to mention hamalainen s comanche empire and i got to thinking about the response my post about the teaching of native history received one of the most common responses was along the lines of well native americans didn t contribute much to history anyway they didn t do much important it s sad but they were basically just wiped away by europeans there is an incredible amount of hindsight bias in that kind of thinking when you are living in a society in a time wh...