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to content itv 1963 transdiffusion presentation the independent television authority s guide to itv in 1963 itv 1963 author eric croston posted on 1963 2016 categories the independent television authority tags front cover itv 1963 a comprehensive guide to independent television independent television authority march 1963 author eric croston posted on 1963 2016 format image categories the independent television authority tags frontispiece independent television authority sir john carmichael k b e acting chairman dame anne bryans d b e sir sidney caine k c m g mr a c cropper t d j p d l mr j alban davies j p mrs isabel graham bryce sir lucius o brien professor d talbot rice m b e lord williamson of eccleston c b e professor talbot rice mr alban davies and sir lucius o brien make the interests of scotland of wales and monmouthshire and of northern ireland respectively their special care headquarters 70 brompton road london s w 3 knightsbridge 7011 scotland 147 west regent street glasgow c 2 glasgow city 3130 wales and the west arlbee house greyfriars place greyfriars road cardiff cardiff 28759 northern ireland 5 donegal square south belfast belfast 30818 the south 30 portland street southampton southampton 29115 north east 32 4 mosley street newcastle upom tyne newcastle 61 0148 east anglia century insurance building 24 castle meadow norwich norwich 23533 south west royal london house armada way plymouth plymouth 63031 the north astley house quay street manchester 3 manchester blackfriars 2707 the borders 4 victoria place carlisle carlisle 25004 9 30 a m to 12 30 p m author eric croston posted on 1963 2016 categories the independent television authority tags addresses members regions the independent television authority the independent television areas at the beginning of 1963 include 96 per cent of the population the shaded areas are within the fringe contours of the authority s 22 transmitters ¼ mv m there is in addition much satisfactory viewing in the white areas and in fact it is only in the extreme north and north west of scotland and the mountainous centre of wales that there is no effective provision the darker shading shows the areas within reach of more than one ita transmitter author eric croston posted on 1963 2016 format image categories the independent television authority tags areas contours map transmitters the itv system the independent television authority ita was created in august 1954 to provide for the period of ten years television broadcasting services additional to those of the british broadcasting corporation for so much of the united kingdom the isle of man and the channel islands as may from time to time be reasonably practicable in accordance with the requirements of the television act 1954 the authority builds owns and operates the television transmitting stations it selects and appoints the contractors to provide programmes for transmission from these stations the contractors more generally known as the programme companies pay the authority a rental related to the population coverage of the station or stations for which they provide programmes they meet the cost of their ita rentals the cost of providing programmes and of their operations generally from advertising revenues the authority s further duty is to ensure that the programmes provided are in accordance with the terms of the act and that the advertising transmitted is strictly controlled neither the authority nor the companies draw any income from licence fees or other public funds the nature of the system the structure created by the authority within the general framework laid down by the television act constitutes an entirely new combination of public and private initiative in contrast to the unitary organisation with regional branches developed by the bbc the television act requires the appointment of a number of programme companies independent of each other both as to finance and control moreover section 5 2 of the act lays down that it shall be the duty of the authority to do all that they can to secure that there is adequate competition to supply programmes between a number of programme contractors independent of each other both as to finance and as to control only the existence of two directly competing companies in each service area could fully secure adequate competition however the frequencies which the authority was granted were sufficient only to enable it to cover the whole country with a single network of stations the authority might have introduced direct competition in certain of its areas by building two stations but only at the cost of leaving other areas without even one ita service the authority therefore decided that while the limitations on its frequencies continued it must use them to give national coverage by a single network given one service only the authority had to choose the broad pattern of programme contracting which it would adopt the fundamental choice was between a unitary system with a single programme company based in london providing programmes for the whole network of stations and a plural system of separate programme companies for the individual areas of the country there were sound social arguments for the appointment of separate companies to serve individual stations and particularly for the communities outside london to be served by independently conducted programme companies rather than operated merely as satellites of a central group of london companies the authority at the beginning of its life in 1954 therefore chose to adopt the plural form of organisation and has steadily pursued this policy ever since the adoption of a plural system did not of itself provide full competition to supply programmes nor could it deny a programme company a local monopoly of viewers on the days for which it provided programmes the authority therefore sought from the beginning to introduce other competitive elements into the system to avoid a london monopoly by one company there emerged the plan of enlarging the base from london to include as well as the capital the north and the midlands and of appointing a total of four companies to serve this enlarged area this was achieved by the division of the concession in each of the three areas into two parts the weekdays and the weekends and the creation of a mosaic of companies stations and days in a pattern which would support four independent companies the production of television programmes of national appeal demands large resources in the right places it is no accident that networking the supply of programmes for national use from some central source is a common feature of broadcasting systems of all types in all the countries of the world effective television requires a high degree of specialisation in such programme categories as drama light entertainment and variety documentary programmes sport current affairs children s programmes religious programmes and school programmes and specialisation in any of these fields is practicable only when production is large enough to permit it the distinctive features of independent television are not that it has a network but that the supply of the main body of national programmes is provided by four separate companies each of the four large enough to hold its own with the others rather than originating from a single organisation and that outside the most populous areas programmes are provided by eleven smaller companies rather than by the extension of the geographical responsibilities of the four large companies and the creation of no further companies at all fundamentally every one of the fifteen independent television companies is a regional company the four largest no less than the remaining eleven for each company is appointed to provide programmes for a particular area and no company has any contractual rights or duties outside its own area in each of the fourteen areas the local programme company is responsible for providing all the programmes whether these are produced by the company itself or acquired from other programme companies or other sources each local programme company as far as possible arranges its programmes into the pattern that best suits its region subject always to conformity with the authority s directions in the matter of balance quantity and quality author eric croston posted on 1963 2016 categories the itv system tags competition independent television authority mosaic network networking plural system television act 1954 the system the coverage the programmes provided by the programme companies are transmitted from the authority s stations the system of 22 transmitters which now covers about 96 per cent of the population of the united kingdom had to be developed by using a group of six channels in the frequency band iii allocated to the authority by the postmaster general no direct experience of operating programme services in band iii in this country was available to guide the authority s engineers in the development of band iii and they and the manufacturers had to start virtually from scratch none the less within three years three quarters of the population had been given access to independent television programmes the extension of coverage is traced in the maps and tables which follow the story of this engineering achievement is told more fully in the chapter technical achievements the growth of coverage end of year cumulative population coverage thousands percentage of total uk population 1955 12 290 24 1956 30 116 59 1957 33 666 66 1958 38 900 76 1959 44 366 86 1960 45 016 88 1961 48 587 94 1962 estd 50 981 96 the spread of independent television is progressively traced in these nine maps the television act was passed in july 1954 and the authority first met in august the service began from croydon on 22nd september 1955 the service areas shown in the final map include about 96 per cent of the population the growth of i t a homes end of year cumulative ita homes thousands percentage of all tv homes percentage of all homes 1955 495 30 8 12 5 1956 2 656 53 3 25 8 1957 4 684 69 2 39 6 1958 6 540 75 9 46 6 1959 8 605 80 8 55 2 1960 10 292 87 0 65 4 1961 11 282 88 3 68 9 1962 estd 12 300 90 0 73 0 author eric croston posted on 1963 2016 categories the itv system tags band iii coverage frequencies growth ita homes postmaster general spread the programme companies and the news company stringent conditions are required by the act and have been applied by the authority in the appointment of programme companies the conditions are in the main designed to ensure that the programmes provided by the companies comply with the requirements of the act and that the companies are capable of producing a balanced output of programmes of high quality that control of the companies remains within the united kingdom and does not change without the authority s prior approval that the companies have no connection with persons or companies engaged in advertising that they are and remain completely independent of each other both as to finance and as to control and that due regard is had to the particular character of the areas which the regional companies serve the first four companies to be appointed associated rediffusion abc television associated television and granada tv network divide between them the task of providing programmes for the three largest areas of london the midlands and the north associated rediffusion serves the london area from monday to friday associated television the same area at weekends and the midlands from monday to friday granada tv network serves the north on weekdays and abc television the north and the midlands at weekends the other eleven companies have smaller population coverages and are responsible for the full week s programmes in their areas as follows central scotland scottish television south wales and west of england tww the south and south east england southern television north east england tyne tees television east anglia anglia television northern ireland ulster television south west england westward television the borders border television north east scotland grampian television channel islands channel television west and north wales wales west and north television in order to provide an effective service of national and international news the four original programme companies were encouraged by the authority to join together to form a non profit making common service organisation this organisation independent television news itn now provides the main news bulletins and certain other topical programmes for the whole of independent television programme production about 7 400 hours of television programmes were supplied by the independent television companies in 1961 1962 for transmission from the authority s stations this represents nearly two thirds of the total national television production of about 11 800 hours the dominance of independent television in national television production is again reflected in the volume of local programmes during the same period independent television produced about four fifths of all the programmes of local interest for local use about 3 800 hours out of the national television broadcasting total of 4 800 hours and while the bbc produced outside london about 33 per cent of its total output independent television produced about 60 per cent these independent television programmes came from thirteen independent companies now increased to fifteen because of their size access to talent and general productive resources the four companies in london the midlands and the north are the sources of many of the programmes which the other eleven companies use in addition to their own local programmes however the programmes produced by the other eleven companies mainly programmes of local appeal would be ample in terms of the volume of production to provide seven days of television a week without the use of any london midland or northern programmes so it comes about that the average viewer of independent television programmes in scotland wales northern ireland and the smaller english regions sees programmes from at least five independent sources from his own programme company from associated rediffusion from associated television from granada tv network and from abc television as well as the national news bulletins and other programmes from independent television news in much the greater part of the country in terms of population he sees about as many hours produced by his local company as by any other single company author eric croston posted on 1963 2016 categories the itv system tags independent television news news company production programme companies regionalism the procedure of the authority this system of interrelated companies technical installations and control arrangements operates under the direct control of the independent television authority the authority usually consists of a chairman deputy chairman and eight members the members...