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uth be told though my book probably doesn t cost that much for most readers as it so happens i just received a royalty payment which adds yet another wrinkle to the mix i was curious about the number of copies my book has sold i won t give the number on the statement but it s several times lower than the number i d been told a few years back so i went to check on worldcat to see how many copies were in libraries to my shock the book was reported in 753 libraries now i know i haven t sold anywhere near that many copies so i explored further and quickly realized that most of those copies are purely digital i e a university or group of state university branches pool their pennies together and subscribe to publishers e collections which give them access to all of the monographs within the publisher s catalog or maybe by series who knows something to keep in mind if you re concerned about the circulation of your future book or even thinking about terms in a future book contract june 26 2014 in bibliography leave a comment soldiers and violence who woulda thunk it the latest issue of history 99 no 336 july 2014 has a collection of articles on violence in early modern britain revolving specifically around the intersection between violence and human rights those interested in the topic should consult all the articles but those more narrowly focused on military matters might be particularly interested in 1 malcolm smuts organized violence in the elizabethan monarchical republic pp 414 443 abstract this article argues that the tudor concept of england as a protestant commonwealth normally implied a belief in the legitimacy and necessity of armed violence against enemies of god and the public good in the absence of a standing army the instruments of such violence had to be mobilized partly through the voluntary efforts of subjects who regarded warfare as a form of public service the article goes on to explore how ideas and practices of armed violence shaped government policies in england and ireland in england the privy council constructed a system of county militias under the control of a cohort deemed loyal to the protestant state and toyed with schemes for using martial law against vagrants and other groups who threatened public order but in the absence of a successful invasion or major rebellion this machinery of military control was never fully mobilized and a reaction eventually set in against its potential abuse by contrast in ireland linguistic and cultural divisions weaker institutions of civil government and the preponderance of catholicism created situations in which brutal military coercion sometimes appeared the only effective method of maintaining civil governance and protestant control the weakness of royal supervision over the captains who carried out government policy on the ground also enabled freelance violence elizabethan brutality in ireland was not simply a product of colonial rule it reflected the dark underside of commonwealth ideals of civility political initiative and godly rule 2 vincent carey as lief to the gallows as go to the irish wars human rights and the abuse of the elizabethan soldier in ireland 1600 1603 pp 468 486 abstract this essay explores the treatment of the elizabethan soldier in ireland under lord deputy mountjoy from 1600 to 1603 the years of the most atrocious violence of the conflict coming at the experiences of the ordinary soldier in these years from the perspective of human rights forces the historian to a set of rather uncomfortable conclusions for while many of these soldiers inflicted horrific violence on the native non combatant population their own experiences were determined by a set of forces and practices that left them vulnerable to some of the most extreme abuses of the age while this essay will address the question of human rights and the implications and applications of the terminology for elizabeth england it will do so within the context of a war that abused the ordinary soldier as much as it abused the non combatant irish yet the abuse of these men is worth re examining as it provides us with an insight to the state s attitude to the subordinate classes and their basic rights for in examining the recruitment equipping and treatment of the ordinary soldiers in the field we find a brutalized mass whose only option was to endure or flee a mass whose fundamental rights as subjects of the english crown or indeed as humans were badly abused they were often masterless men unsuitable for combat and ultimately the victims of social cleansing victims of class and coercion the wretchedness of their conditions of service was thus forced inevitably downwards on the helpless non combatant gaelic irish june 22 2014 in methodology 2 comments the deceptive nature of note taking in any note taking system having lots of categories or fields in database parlance in which to record information about sources aka meta data is important really important for historians simple tags aren t enough nor is relying on the full text alone nor is a single hierarchical organizational scheme what on earth do i mean keep reading let s say i m looking at the question of how early moderns perceived military deception trickery subterfuge lying and the like you find a bunch of germane sources and take notes on their discussions of the subject to simplify matters we ll stay theoretical focusing on how contemporaries expressed their preferences for either deception or straightforwardness in war rather than using other measures the frequency of their actual reliance on such sly stratagems etc perhaps you try to get a good balance of sources including theoretical discussion of the use of stratagems as well as reactions to specific examples of deception on campaign deception thy name is megatron so you ve found dozens or hundreds of quotes from contemporaries verily the digital age has given early modern historians military ones at least a bounty of evidence to sift through you have plenty of notes on other topics as well so you need to identify those specific to deception for future reference you could take the shortest route and simply tag them all with a deception tag assuming you want to examine whether contemporaries considered deception laudable or execrable you could make your life easier and further sort your quotes into two bins based on the stance presented in each source those quotes that support the use of deception pro deception and those that are against it anti deception or maybe there are three possible values for this variable pro con and ambivalent neutral heck maybe add in a separate value for those sources that you checked which you d think should discuss the utility of deception but actually don t perhaps that s noteworthy so we have one stance category with four possible values pro con neutral ambivalent or not discussed call the stance variable a group a tag a field a category or what have you note takers don t appear to have a standardized vocabulary for such things thus tagged you can now easily find those hundreds of examples in just about any note taking system worth its salt but historians at least systematic ones want to look for patterns within that data a whole range of questions start to bubble up maybe you want to see if particular types of people shared the same view on the subject or whether geography or chronology or both played a role in shaping opinions on the morality of deception maybe you wonder whether these contemporary prescriptions and proscriptions were universal or did contemporary judgments depend on the situation maybe you speculate that there are finer gradations within the pro deception camp figuring out all of these questions require slicing the data in a number of different ways to do this you need additional categories to differentiate your notes on deception let s say you re looking at the question primarily from the perspective of two groups say the english and the french see how we re staying totally hypothetical here so maybe you want to see if the english were more likely than the french to express their opposition to the use of trickery if you wanted to count up the quotes you could even get all statistical in a cross tab y sort of way nominal variable x nominal variable so we should add another variable call it side to the stance measure that s two variables to keep track of for each quote but side isn t really specific enough what we probably mean by side is actually the side of the author of the quote this assumes of course that the author s point of view is represented by the quote i e the quote isn t part of a dialogue where one or both characters might not even represent the author s position or the author isn t playing devil s advocate in the text or presenting the opposition s case before rebutting it add a sideofauthor category and if we have an sideofauthor field we probably also need to note when a french author is taking about the french versus when he might be talking about the english maybe he s even talking about a specific englishman perhaps authors saw a difference between the two worth noting make it three variables stance sideofauthor sideofsubject for our note taking system or four for greater precision stance sideofauthor sideofsubject subjectperson but maybe you perceive that the english seem more likely to talk about deception when the french are doing the deceiving now we re combining the previous categories cynical by nature you wonder if the french do the same seeing the deceptive dustmote in the english eye while ignoring the lying log in their own is it generally true that each side tends to downplay its own deceptive qualities and highlight those of its enemies or is there a shared preference for or against deception in war you could figure it out by looking for all the cases where a french author discusses a french subject and when an english author discusses with an english subject to be certain you d need to examine all four cells of what i like to call the box the box to quickly sort all those hundreds of quotes into the four cells you need those categories in case you want to look at more than two sides throw in the dutch for good measure you ll convert your sideofauthor variable from a binary one possibilities being french or english to one allowing three or more options if you want to make it a bit easier you could add another binary variable self which includes possible values of self i e the author s own side and other i e not the author s side that way if you want to query whether authors were self serving or not you can simply use the self variable rather than test all the pairs of sideofsubject and sideofauthor sos french and soa french sos english and soa english sos dutch and soa dutch but just because you ve aggregated upward don t throw out the more specific sideofsubject variable keep it so you can for example group together all the non english authors views of the english if you were looking at more than two countries to find out if everybody else is ganging up on the poor ol english sos english and soa not english or maybe you re interested to see if one nationality is more likely to talk about themselves or the other than the other we might want to add yet another variable what i vestigially refer to as eventid this could be composed of another generic specific variable pair a specific combat field the specific variable and a related field for combat type a generic variable based off of the specific combat there should be a field indicating the type of combat deception in a surprise attempt deception in a battle deception in a siege is deception more acceptable if it leads to a battle than if it leads to a siege the specific variable in the pair would be a specific combat the battle of ramillies the siege of lille the surprisal of ghent keeping paired general specific variables gives you flexibility and scalability other plausible variables could be derived from this event category perhaps contemporaries were pure functionalists they praised actual cases of deception regardless of who deceived whom when they succeeded and excoriated liars only when they were caught out or maybe there was a gradual shift in how a specific example of deception was viewed maybe the french surprisal of ghent in 1708 was declared base treachery when the english first learned of it but within a few years the english had gained perspective and come to appreciate the cunning french trick perhaps you could examine those curious cases where you know deception was used at a specific event yet its use was not mentioned in a particular source stance not discussed so now we have a good setup needing at least five different variables to answer our constellation of questions surrounding early modern views on military deception stance sideofauthor sideofsubject self and event each quote needs the answers to these five questions and that doesn t include all the other variables that are associated with these five categories to give just one example each author has various attributes that might be germane in addition to their side maybe opinions on the utility of deception vary by one s generational status by an author s military experience by the theaters he fought in or the other authors that author read lots of metadata to keep track of is this note taking scenario over the top not at all not if historians want to base their arguments on more than a random or superficial glance at the sources not if historians want to avoid magically finding only evidence that confirms their preconceptions and not if historians want to make use of the range of sources now easily accessible in fact the above example is even simpler than the reality we could start by simply adding further possible values to existing variables for the self category it would probably be important to appreciate that an english author could be talking about an englishman maybe need to break that up further into tory vs whig or court country as well as which the author is or this english author could be referring to an enemy who could be the hated french or maybe the despised yet want to be trading partners with them all the same spanish or the problematic protestant hungarians rebelling against england s catholic austrian ally or perhaps the english author actually was referring to an ally prince eugene or perhaps even discussing a neutral charles xii of sweden in his concurrent great northern war or maybe the less sympathetic terrible turks or maybe it s a historical reference to caesar s use of deception so at the least possible self values could include own side enemy ally neutral historical i can certainly imagine a scenario where an author would opportunistically treat his friends and allies more gently than his enemies but his friends more kindly even than his allies or certain kinds of allies maybe the protestant ones other structural additions might be needed ...