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tions including the specification of the synthesis questions including the grouping of interventions populations and outcomes specification of comparisons methodological groupings and the role of groups in the synthesis e g for pairwise comparisons structuring text or tables exploring possible causes of variation in the effects of the intervention sensitivity analyses the insynq checklist was developed as part of a collaborative programme of work aimed at delivering practical resources to help authors and editors translate guidance from the cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions into practice recommendation in may 2023 cochrane endorsed the insynq checklist as optional for prospective authors following a recommendation from the methods executive which was informed by the relevant methods group cochrane s methods support and review development team a cochrane review group representative and the methods executive representative on cochrane s editorial board resources insynq official webpage cochrane handbook of systematic reviews of interventions chapter 3 defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis chapter 9 summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis the study centric data management and analysis collection methods support web clinics considering scope at the review planning stage random effects meta analysis methods for intervention reviews when performing a meta analysis different methods for calculating the summary effect heterogeneity between study variance and their allied confidence intervals may yield different or even conflicting results the performance of these methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the meta analysis e g the number and size of the included studies the wald type confidence interval and the dersimonian and laird dl estimator may be misleading particularly in small meta analyses the cochrane s statistical methods group recommended the following alternative methods to be implemented in revman based on the literature including statistical simulations and empirical evaluations the restricted maximum likelihood reml method to estimate the heterogeneity variance methods to calculate confidence intervals for the heterogeneity variance using the q profile statistics method the hartung and knapp sidik and jonkman hksj method for calculating confidence intervals for the summary effect methods to calculate prediction intervals i e using the t distribution or the normal distribution recommendation in september 2022 cochrane endorsed these new statistical methods for fitting random effects models following a recommendation from the methods executive which was informed by the relevant methods group cochrane s methods support unit the head of methods and evidence synthesis deputy editor in chief a cochrane review group representative and the methods executive representative on cochrane s editorial board updates january 2025 the new random effects methods in revman have been implemented authors can now use these methods in their protocols reviews and updates may 2024 the following addendums to the original proposal have been approved to ensure feasibility and consistency among the proposed methods to use the q profile method to calculate the confidence interval for the heterogeneity variance due to implementation issues related to the generalized q statistic method to use tau square to calculate the i square statistics in order to reflect the estimated heterogeneity variance under dl or reml resources video lecture presented by areti angeliki veroniki and recorded during the 2022 online training programme for statistical editors and statisticians supporting cochrane groups cochrane handbook of systematic reviews of interventions chapter 10 10 heterogeneity methods support unit web clinic introduction to new random effects methods in revman demonstration of new random effects methods in revman clinical interpreter tool the clinical interpreter tool is an r shiny application offering an intuitive and clinically grounded approach to interpreting standardized mean differences smds which are often abstract and challenging for decision makers and clinicians to contextualize by translating smds into more interpretable metrics such as scale specific units this tool enhances the practical understanding of treatment effects in systematic reviews and meta analyses users can select from predefined outcome categories and commonly used clinical scales and the tool facilitates evaluation of whether an effect is likely to be clinically meaningful based on minimally important differences for a scale the tool also supports probabilistic interpretation of clinical relevance through simulation based probability modeling users should be aware that the accuracy of re expression depends on availability and validity of minimally important differences and the assumption that the chosen scale is appropriate for the population and outcome in question the tool is not applicable when no scale specific minimally important difference exists or when re expression across scales is conceptually invalid recommendation in october 2025 cochrane determined that the clinical interpreter tool could be used as an optional tool for interpreting smds following a recommendation from the methods executive which was informed by the relevant methods groups cochrane s methods support a cochrane review group representative and the methods executive representative on cochrane s editorial board resources cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions chapter 15 section 15 5 3 meta analyses with continuous outcomes using different measures chapter 15 15 5 3 2 re expressing smds using a familiar instrument cochrane evidence synthesis and methods journal tutorial standardized mean differences in meta analysis a tutorial qualitative evidence synthesis methods cochrane qualitative methodological limitations tool camelot the cochrane qualitative methodological limitations tool camelot provides authors of qualitative evidence syntheses with a transparent and systematic method to assess methodological limitations of primary qualitative studies the camelot development group which includes members of the cochrane qualitative and implementation methods group developed the tool in four stages the tool is evidence based specifically for use in cochrane reviews or grade cerqual camelot consists of 12 domains four of the domains are meta domains these domains encourage review authors to consider study characteristics beyond how the study was carried out but which inform the study s conduct and design eight of the domains are method domains and encourage review authors to focus on how the study was planned designed and or conducted review authors make an assessment by identifying any concerns regarding the methods used in the study and considering the appropriateness of fit between the meta and method domains recommendation in february 2025 cochrane endorsed camelot as optional for prospective authors following a recommendation from the methods executive which was informed by the relevant methods group cochrane s methods support unit the head of methods and evidence synthesis deputy editor in chief a cochrane review group representative and the methods executive representative on cochrane s editorial board resources cochrane campbell handbook for qualitative evidence synthesis chapter 7 assessing methodological strengths and limitations of qualitative studies qualitative and implementation methods group website data richness and thickness assessment tool for primary qualitative research studies data richness and thickness are among several criteria that can be taken into consideration when sampling studies for inclusion for qualitative evidence syntheses qes the data richness and thickness assessment tool can ensure that selected studies align with the methodological needs of the selected synthesis approach this tool was developed in a cochrane context by methodologists in the cochrane qualitative and implementation methods group and authors using an evidence based approach the aim of the tool is to assist authors in systematically and transparently assessing the conceptual richness and contextual thickness of data within primary qualitative studies the richness tool evaluates the depth and detail of qualitative data in the studies included in a qes focusing on contextual detail data complexity and the insights provided the thickness tool measures the comprehensiveness and robustness of qualitative analysis examining how well the analysis is supported by the data the level of researcher reflexivity and the coherence of the findings the tool supports different qes methods data richness and thickness are among several criteria that can be taken into consideration when sampling studies for inclusion for qualitative evidence syntheses qes the data richness and thickness assessment tool can ensure that selected studies align with the methodological needs of the selected synthesis approach this tool was developed in a cochrane context by methodologists in the cochrane qualitative and implementation methods group and authors using an evidence based approach the aim of the tool is to assist authors in systematically and transparently assessing the conceptual richness and contextual thickness of data within primary qualitative studies the richness tool evaluates the depth and detail of qualitative data in the studies included in a qes focusing on contextual detail data complexity and the insights provided the thickness tool measures the comprehensiveness and robustness of qualitative analysis examining how well the analysis is supported by the data the level of researcher reflexivity and the coherence of the findings the tool supports different qes methods recommendation in february 2025 cochrane endorsed the data richness and thickness assessment tool as optional for prospective authors following a recommendation from the methods executive which was informed by the relevant methods group cochrane s methods support unit the head of methods and evidence synthesis deputy editor in chief a cochrane review group representative and the methods executive representative on cochrane s editorial board resources cochrane campbell handbook for qualitative evidence synthesis chapters 5 searching and identifying studies chapter 6 selecting studies and sampling qualitative and implementation methods group website the interactive summary of qualitative findings isoq tool the interactive summary of qualitative findings isoq tool is a bespoke online tool for applying the grade cerqual approach for assessing confidence in the findings of a qualitative evidence synthesis the isoq tool assists review authors in gathering and structuring all data required to make grade cerqual assessments in one place displays the information review authors need to make each grade cerqual assessment provides practical tips and guidance that compliments the grade cerqual methods the development and maintenance of isoq is a collaboration between the norwegian institute of public health the norwegian university of science and technology the western norway university of applied sciences megan wainwright consulting and the epistemonikos foundation tool development was funded by the norwegian institute of public health and was undertaken in close collaboration with the grade cerqual project group a subgroup of the grade working group the isoq tool is free to use and authors can export summary of qualitative findings tables and evidence profile tables to be included in reports and publications currently integration between isoq and revman is not yet supported review authors who opt to use the isoq tool can manually transfer the isoq assessment tables into revman and vice versa additionally although the tool enables review authors to publish summary of qualitative findings tables to the isoq database review authors should ensure they adhere to cochrane s copyright policies recommendation in february 2025 cochrane endorsed the isoq tool as optional for prospective authors following a recommendation from the methods executive which was informed by the relevant methods group cochrane s methods support unit the head of methods and evidence synthesis deputy editor in chief a cochrane review group representative and the methods executive representative on cochrane s editorial board resources learning resources on qualitative evidence synthesis cochrane campbell handbook for qualitative evidence synthesis chapter 13 assessing confidence in the evidence using the grade cerqual approach learning live webinars how the interactive summary of qualitative findings isoq tool can help you apply grade cerqual in your qualitative evidence synthesis grade cerqual qualitative and implementation methods group website transfer approach the transfer approach supports review authors in collaborating with decision makers to ensure an informed consideration from the beginning of the review process of the transferability of the review findings to the review context in many reviews the review team only considers transferability or related concepts such as applicability indirectness relevance of the review findings at the end of the review process and in an ad hoc manner by considering factors which may influence transferability early in the review process and in collaboration with decision makers the review team is better able to systematically and transparently assess how these factors may influence the transferability of the review findings to the context specified in the review or another context these assessments will also provide transparency to assessing the grade indirectness domain or the grade cer qual relevance component the guidance from this framework can be used in systematic reviews of effectiveness and qualitative evidence syntheses and could be applied to any kind of decision making transfer includes a guide for collaborating to refine define the review question a transfer conversation guide a transfer characteristics of context and transfer guidance for review authors recommendation in september 2025 cochrane endorsed the transfer approach as an optional tool for review authors following a recommendation from the methods executive which was informed by the relevant methods group cochrane s acting head of methods support a cochrane review group representative and the methods executive representative on cochrane s editorial board resources cochrane campbell handbook for qualitative evidence synthesis chapter 13 assessing confidence in the evidence using the grade cerqual approach qualitative and implementation methods group website diagnostic test accuracy reviews quadas c tool within systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy the quadas c tool can assess risk of bias in test comparisons undertaken in comparative accuracy s...