Meta tags:
description=Life in the forest, with fungi;

Headings (most frequently used words):

the, of, mushrooms, mushroom, pluteus, australian, an, amanita, tall, trees, and, identifying, field, atromarginatus, just, another, poisonings, lacrymaria, velutina, agaricus, lookalike, growing, your, own, miller, tale, leucocoprinus, birnbaumii, flowerpot, mushoom, missing, western, death, cap, in, search, woorda, macrolepiota, dolichaula, one, best, edibles, anatomy, yellow, stainer, rubescens, blusher, introduced, species, site, navigation,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (776), and (228), that (199), this (178), mushroom (117), are (103), from (99), with (94), not (89), mushrooms (84), have (78), was (68), but (64), for (62), which (58), these (56), there (54), #species (53), some (52), they (52), cap (51), yellow (49), has (44), one (41), can (39), #edible (37), amanita (37), colour (37), may (37), been (36), australia (35), will (34), agaricus (33), australian (30), also (29), when (27), should (27), about (26), them (26), stem (25), his (25), staining (24), white (23), fungi (23), case (23), you (22), time (22), any (22), had (21), shown (20), very (20), blue (20), like (19), first (19), people (19), many (19), below (19), then (19), field (18), were (18), other (18), gills (18), found (18), name (17), common (17), under (17), seen (17), image (17), might (17), growing (16), red (16), boletus (16), spawn (16), smell (16), where (15), brown (15), flesh (15), such (15), two (15), top (15), poisonous (15), often (15), out (15), beds (15), comment (14), much (14), more (14), section (14), above (14), phenol (14), victoria (14), description (14), would (13), who (13), picture (13), surface (13), made (13), form (13), does (13), small (13), all (13), those (13), eaten (13), well (13), bed (13), dolichaula (12), another (12), into (12), being (12), showing (12), genus (12), specimen (12), dark (12), long (12), note (12), amatoxins (12), brouard (12), trees (11), pluteus (11), woorda (11), eating (11), did (11), between (11), what (11), its (11), filed (11), supermarket (11), credit (11), similar (11), drummond (11), him (11), poisoning (11), reported (11), gyroporus (11), dry (11), grow (11), after (10), boletes (10), western (10), interesting (10), known (10), toxic (10), taste (10), most (10), tagged (10), large (10), close (10), described (10), produced (10), litter (10), school (10), bolete (9), only (9), death (9), here (9), know (9), don (9), before (9), contain (9), quite (9), fact (9), structure (9), shape (9), away (9), analysis (9), effect (9), partial (9), veil (9), within (9), sometimes (9), since (9), same (9), though (9), their (9), part (9), paper (9), amino (9), wet (9), earth (9), miller (8), leave (8), see (8), place (8), take (8), because (8), become (8), however (8), rather (8), both (8), stain (8), piece (8), images (8), put (8), published (8), report (8), texture (8), used (8), down (8), always (8), occidentalis (8), acids (8), spore (8), old (8), dung (8), phillip (8), muscarine (8), region (7), look (7), stainer (7), rubescens (7), until (7), pink (7), cut (7), various (7), queensland (7), places (7), post (7), shows (7), effects (7), slightly (7), mentioned (7), closely (7), following (7), show (7), number (7), given (7), wild (7), stipe (7), produce (7), over (7), match (7), appear (7), becker (7), seems (7), likely (7), still (7), something (7), than (7), never (7), consumption (7), recorded (7), fungus (7), find (7), year (7), millsii (7), cause (7), potting (7), good (7), laid (7), family (7), print (7), comments (6), great (6), macrolepiota (6), lacrymaria (6), wood (6), chlorophyllum (6), home (6), site (6), next (6), try (6), eat (6), ill (6), think (6), without (6), feature (6), growth (6), occurs (6), few (6), apparent (6), remains (6), due (6), appearance (6), called (6), picked (6), once (6), consumed (6), meaning (6), light (6), information (6), alliciens (6), luteus (6), 2025 (6), thick (6), spores (6), sure (6), marmorata (6), things (6), season (6), covering (6), echuca (6), atromarginatus (6), new (5), caution (5), velutina (5), search (5), forest (5), almond (5), page (5), south (5), hard (5), cooking (5), annulus (5), too (5), features (5), aware (5), probably (5), origin (5), separation (5), left (5), view (5), centre (5), while (5), edge (5), together (5), identification (5), china (5), less (5), covered (5), free (5), north (5), specimens (5), use (5), around (5), aboriginum (5), possible (5), slimy (5), seem (5), natives (5), cases (5), quantity (5), yet (5), three (5), several (5), colony (5), years (5), tree (5), must (5), deadly (5), taken (5), size (5), observed (5), make (5), mix (5), appeared (5), prevent (5), plants (5), cold (5), months (5), proper (5), philip (5), symptoms (5), birnbaumii (4), leucocoprinus (4), east (4), your (4), introduced (4), just (4), horse (4), bitorquis (4), classic (4), friend (4), really (4), regarding (4), little (4), read (4), reports (4), presence (4), broken (4), base (4), stages (4), believe (4), anything (4), includes (4), phalloides (4), came (4), now (4), uncategorized (4), hour (4), became (4), even (4), off (4), stainers (4), bottom (4), solution (4), provided (4), perhaps (4), example (4), reaction (4), contains (4), members (4), june (4), book (4), molybdites (4), mention (4), single (4), test (4), green (4), short (4), attached (4), young (4), considered (4), genetically (4), dna (4), english (4), pores (4), helen (4), van (4), come (4), lothar (4), badius (4), words (4), change (4), near (4), raw (4), means (4), collected (4), questions (4), specific (4), somewhat (4), today (4), get (4), inches (4), inch (4), non (4), identify (4), video (4), especially (4), state (4), quantities (4), record (4), historical (4), records (4), balardong (4), country (4), appears (4), difficult (4), range (4), available (4), fit (4), james (4), arrived (4), bweyeyensis (4), days (4), expected (4), vomiting (4), why (4), action (4), containing (4), head (4), process (4), eucalyptus (4), either (4), using (4), layer (4), plant (4), asked (4), water (4), lain (4), receive (4), keep (4), heap (4), half (4), method (4), online (4), day (4), stomach (4), teacher (4), highly (4), george (4), frost (4), 1885 (4), scales (4), xanthodermatei (4), dave (4), freer (4), tall (3), suillus (3), confusion (3), best (3), alike (3), flowerpot (3), coast (3), possibility (3), own (3), tale (3), poisonings (3), her (3), actually (3), food (3), destroyed (3), mind (3), cooked (3), better (3), confused (3), open (3), amanitas (3), heard (3), oaks (3), established (3), right (3), core (3), clearly (3), boxy (3), napisan (3), way (3), breaks (3), developed (3), characteristic (3), permanent (3), itself (3), bright (3), sort (3), minutes (3), commonly (3), causes (3), upsets (3), 2019 (3), inedible (3), inedibles (3), easily (3), popular (3), edibility (3), needs (3), distinguished (3), hortense (3), whole (3), length (3), margin (3), say (3), terms (3), squamules (3), bruised (3), pixie (3), breaking (3), remain (3), radiating (3), outside (3), diameter (3), regions (3), countries (3), mycologist (3), sits (3), referring (3), 2021 (3), huet (3), side (3), mistaken (3), apparently (3), refers (3), describes (3), although (3), turns (3), couple (3), wondered (3), having (3), language (3), dictionary (3), our (3), tempting (3), notes (3), went (3), nor (3), nothing (3), 1845 (3), late (3), original (3), esteemed (3), ground (3), sent (3), property (3), gippsland (3), youtube (3), support (3), tasmania (3), group (3), reading (3), text (3), daisy (3), bates (3), map (3), provide (3), rapid (3), perth (3), further (3), snp (3), gardneri (3), work (3), doubt (3), hawaii (3), true (3), gastrointestinal (3), tested (3), molecule (3), hand (3), middle (3), phallotoxins (3), proproteins (3), carried (3), ribosome (3), galerina (3), function (3), how (3), plantations (3), separate (3), almost (3), give (3), sclerotia (3), pot (3), alcohol (3), facebook (3), identified (3), caused (3), compounds (3), determined (3), toxicity (3), intense (3), stove (3), england (3), cultivate (3), kind (3), thus (3), five (3), fresh (3), sooner (3), temperature (3), during (3), weather (3), gathered (3), upon (3), four (3), hot (3), heat (3), ferment (3), hath (3), abroad (3), lay (3), courtesy (3), details (3), technique (3), purple (3), felix (3), age (3), hours (3), clock (3), violent (3), stringy (3), medical (3), context (3), education (3), reginald (3), edkins (3), deceased (3), boy (3), sworn (3), silas (3), doctor (3), flat (3), hydroxide (3), benzaldehyde (3), gill (3), required (2), powered (2), wordpress (2), com (2), volvopluteus (2), puffball (2), native (2), phlebopus (2), favourite (2), edibles (2), cortinarius (2), mushoom (2), laetiporus (2), tucker (2), lactarius (2), lookalike (2), identifying (2), coprinus (2), comatus (2), ink (2), clitocybe (2), mixed (2), bag (2), anatomy (2), blusher (2), sylvaticus (2), giant (2), arvensis (2), missing (2), man (2), she (2), again (2), cannot (2), themselves (2), brought (2), morning (2), felt (2), soft (2), tasted (2), material (2), striations (2), could (2), main (2), apart (2), pantherina (2), bruising (2), important (2), lack (2), adelaide (2), hills (2), pines (2), looks (2), lethal (2), consequences (2), natural (2), including (2), myself (2), early (2), mainly (2), british (2), familiar (2), associated (2), roots (2), february (2), difference (2), experiments (2), immediately (2), significant (2), internal (2), strongly (2), suspect (2), responsible (2), beyond (2), clean (2), ragged (2), compared (2), elsewhere (2), looking (2), noticed (2), revealed (2), sectioned (2), pictures (2), set (2), continue (2), pick (2), completely (2), street (2), verge (2), gastric (2), patch (2), alikes (2), jye (2), zap (2), listed (2), bad (2), mis (2), easy (2), develop (2), through (2), parasols (2), happen (2), last (2), ring (2), edges (2), lamellae (2), lamellulae (2), drew (2), raison (2), darken (2), raised (2), area (2), towards (2), getting (2), wider (2), bell (2), phylogenetic (2), northern (2), monophyletic (2), clade (2), 100 (2), else (2), comes (2), greek (2), pronounce (2), dolly (2), nickname (2), typical (2), march (2), cross (2), occasionally (2), cooke (2), wrong (2), among (2), pinus (2), unpleasant (2), bay (2), unlikely (2), word (2), lexicons (2), west (2), instead (2), likewise (2), aboriginal (2), august (2), reference (2), mentions (2), differs (2), women (2), champignon (2), already (2), takes (2), aborigines (2), campestris (2), back (2), memory (2), possibly (2), collecting (2), served (2), states (2), neither (2), kew (2), tentatively (2), whether (2), evidence (2), indigenous (2), purport (2), experience (2), nomenclature (2), notable (2), hilton (2), attempt (2), enough (2), current (2), berk (2), collection (2), makes (2), trying (2), occur (2), problem (2), fleshy (2), smooth (2), high (2), tomentose (2), least (2), article (2), list (2), investigation (2), miles (2), london (2), reads (2), actual (2), identity (2), generally (2), require (2), air (2), germany (2), spotted (2), population (2), prague (2), breslau (2), market (2), according (2), testimony (2), value (2), land (2), subtomentosus (2), variegatus (2), radicans (2), luridus (2), chatgpt (2), translation (2), period (2), titled (2), snippet (2), reproduced (2), situation (2), documented (2), ways (2), tones (2), matches (2), noongar (2), attribute (2), john (2), term (2), infer (2), wrote (2), enquirer (2), farming (2), imply (2), digital (2), aspect (2), course (2), subject (2), diversity (2), diet (2), pore (2), cyanescent (2), approximately (2), extended (2), soil (2), chance (2), gives (2), member (2), none (2), local (2), swan (2), river (2), 1829 (2), eucalypti (2), reidii (2), djalimari (2), nucleotide (2), ancestor (2), 2024 (2), suggests (2), phalloideae (2), million (2), ago (2), requires (2), africa (2), genetic (2), differences (2), association (2), weed (2), florida (2), someone (2), stage (2), campus (2), hemmes (2), toxins (2), doesn (2), widely (2), university (2), type (2), stable (2), heating (2), reasons (2), amatoxin (2), hyroxylated (2), proline (2), hydroxylated (2), bridge (2), tryptamine (2), bicyclic (2), rings (2), trp (2), different (2), labelled (2), chain (2), acid (2), clipped (2), mrna (2), order (2), others (2), genetics (2), origins (2), rwanda (2), brings (2), russulas (2), eucalypt (2), spherical (2), undescribed (2), similarly (2), behind (2), thin (2), link (2), https (2), reside (2), dextrinoid (2), melzer (2), reagent (2), seeds (2), mixes (2), declare (2), beneficial (2), reality (2), reservoir (2), hydrophobic (2), entire (2), person (2), times (2), event (2), dog (2), suffering (2), ingestion (2), bolton (2), pine (2), scotland (2), elaborate (2), murray (2), unfortunately (2), gave (2), fell (2), augustus (2), history (2), sinking (2), substrate (2), forums (2), related (2), 2022 (2), flower (2), six (2), frequently (2), summer (2), gently (2), suffer (2), winter (2), kept (2), warm (2), table (2), sides (2), rich (2), laying (2), lumps (2), cover (2), drying (2), month (2), making (2), longer (2), thatch (2), ten (2), warmth (2), therefore (2), thrown (2), feet (2), strong (2), naturally (2), amongst (2), opened (2), suffered (2), persons (2), supposed (2), etc (2), pretty (2), curious (2), discovered (2), gardeners (2), pdf (2), allow (2), anyone (2), ones (2), lawns (2), doing (2), settlers (2), cultivation (2), detailed (2), photo (2), meal (2), split (2), pemberton (2), migrants (2), necessarily (2), tradition (2), autopsy (2), discrepancy (2), mortem (2), indicates (2), preceding (2), showed (2), peristaltic (2), twisted (2), intestines (2), progression (2), tract (2), convulsions (2), salivation (2), liquid (2), nose (2), mouth (2), excessive (2), consistent (2), poison (2), inocybe (2), truancy (2), later (2), children (2), life (2), fungoid (2), duly (2), body (2), couch (2), took (2), sergeant (2), dead (2), illness (2), seat (2), placed (2), slight (2), kanyapella (2), account (2), redgum (2), penny (2), directly (2), junction (2), limited (2), rusty (2), tasting (2), average (2), examples (2), waste (2), thing (2), larger (2), taking (2), tend (2), cow (2), intensifies (2), sodium (2), indicator (2), indicate (2), indedible (2), combination (2), isn (2), product (2), benzyl (2), present (2), chemical (2), rejected (2), wheelie (2), bin (2), cleaner (2), point (2), break (2), cleanly (2), position (2), black (2), assist (2), guide (2), website, email, write, loading, theme, greenery, proudly, gloiocephalus, roadside, vascellum, pratense, truffles, crop, tricholomopsis, rutilans, plums, dis, custard, hedgehog, hydnum, repandum, chanterelle, special, granulatus, slippery, jack, rhizopogon, taxonomic, challenge, ramaria, ochraceosalmonicolor, angst, petasatus, cervinus, bland, pleurotus, australis, oyster, marginatus, salmon, gum, morchella, morel, worldwide, marasmius, oreades, expensive, import, clelandii, careful, consideration, leucocopinus, leucoagaricus, leucothites, sulphureus, exciting, prospect, portentosus, punk, poor, indeed, deliciosus, saffron, milk, laccocephalum, mylittae, ancient, laccaria, proxima, abundant, gymnopilus, junonius, fistulina, spiculifera, beefsteak, dictyophora, indusiata, phallus, indusiatus, stinkhorn, shaggy, lepista, nuda, blewit, surprise, calvatia, fragilis, lost, resource, biochar, experiment, armillaria, luteobubalina, honey, muscaria, hell, agrocybe, cyclocybe, parasitica, osecanus, disappointment, hebelomas, passion, candolleomyces, psathyrella, navigation, previous, entries, thank, kate, giving, heads, foraging, knows, scary, respect, bring, sharp, focus, decidedly, night, staying, haemolytic, protein, barbecue, appeal, swallowing, reminded, bit, starts, crops, literature, distinguishing, sets, general, volva, warts, encounter, park, filled, enthusiastic, mycophagists, colonists, include, areas, infamous, 2017, quick, postscript, stark, finish, versus, refractory, saturates, darkens, influences, separates, varieties, normal, tends, gets, applying, alkali, dihydroxyazobenzene, distinct, featuring, dense, necessary, alkalinity, oxidizing, power, version, fluffy, flocculose, universal, double, manifests, chrome, quickly, fades, gone, nasty, substantial, xathodermatei, ready, kitchen, recently, csiro, unspecified, reactions, confident, mushrooming, community, asia, regarded, tasty, dozens, glowing, practice, beginner, simplest, wait, matures, grey, smaller, stature, distinction, stains, clear, striate, spaced, lines, refer, prefer, avoid, lead, lightly, tapers, hollow, orange, splits, vertical, pieces, starting, torn, hangs, downwards, expanded, simone, expands, extending, membrane, remnants, alternating, cream, coloured, begin, straw, crowded, alternates, umbo, tan, radiate, rim, spacing, faint, maturity, 210, shaped, campulinate, relationships, paddocks, distance, warmer, wales, vietnam, thailand, barcoding, lodged, specialises, vellinga, macroplepiota, procera, epiphet, dolichos, aulos, tube, presumably, conventional, kola, habitat, grassy, paddock, absent, muted, coloration, insect, attack, spicules, gradation, attention, grows, viscid, resembling, particularly, resemblance, lemony, yellowish, reverts, numbers, grass, eucalypts, previously, thankyou, 2026, thought, austro, viridis, stale, localised, peoples, nature, reserve, woort, variation, wilf, douglas, 1996, spelt, illustrated, languag, wide, calls, says, tubes, scarcely, variety, breeding, unacquainted, properties, somewhere, resembled, skewer, stick, conclude, referred, catalogue, inadequate, equate, applied, writes, descriptions, contemporary, publications, enquiries, incorrect, extensive, encouraging, surprising, noted, tylopilus, phaseolisporus, lond, bot, decade, roger, survey, nuytsia, no3, caps, sticky, watling, track, occurrence, working, epithet, attractive, alluding, pileus, across, convex, minutely, reticulated, irregular, adnexed, cavity, nearest, exposed, pale, oblong, changeable, going, mcalpine, 1895, berkeley, journal, botany, p50, follows, pileo, glabro, luteo, viscoso, carne, fracta, caerulea, stipite, subtiliter, tomentoso, deorsum, incrassato, reticulato, tubulis, flavis, irregularibus, adnexis, 156, drumm, progress, yay, jan, share, rule, display, locations, sadly, scant, european, basis, assumption, statistical, fatal, said, consume, encountered, latter, pressed, inner, contact, goes, pantelleria, lampedusa, linosa, prejudice, exists, slavic, tinged, sold, vienna, markets, possess, lesser, degree, colonist, whose, certain, diemen, lupinus, rufus, bullugur, feb, existence, downloaded, simpler, silesian, naturalist, visited, trips, 1849, 1865, darragh, science, 130, 137, significance, mycological, contributions, lother, complicated, doug, sawkins, excellent, lacks, chambered, attacked, insects, foxes, lair, narrogin, groups, croft, wikipedia, generic, toodjay, duidgee, extends, far, anther, transcriptions, errors, interpretations, forth, triggers, question, names, 3mm, typically, pentagonal, outline, floccose, matted, woolly, heavily, appressed, buff, dirty, couldn, situ, blueing, real, fortunate, spot, photographs, sandy, coastal, plain, possibilities, useful, explanation, rapidly, boletales, basidiomycota, suspected, globe, exception, botanist, keen, observer, recorder, flora, inhabitants, letter, 1842, interpreted, lot, arrival, europeans, references, topic, founded, ebile, untried, interest, genbank, surrounding, selection, intriguingly, leaves, alteration, trait, passed, polymorphism, distinguishes, clip, pape, suggestion, separated, interior, research, samples, sequenced, suggested, assume, windbreak, wonder, melaleuca, quinquenervia, paperbark, bottle, brush, fall, explained, ingesting, uncomfortable, issues, diarrhea, understood, positive, negative, hawaiian, differ, divergence, quote, survives, digestive, enzymes, toxin, dangerous, amatoxina, orientation, sulfur, atom, membered, nitrogen, hetercyclic, isoeucine, skeleton, asparagine, sitting, facing, octapeptides, peptides, tail, condensation, peptide, backbone, cisteine, cys, pro, ile, macrocycles, comprise, seven, relationship, diagram, acted, prolyl, oligopeptidase, enzyme, cuts, stitches, polypeptides, codon, decoded, trna, converted, proprotein, covid, spike, proteins, vaccines, whereas, chains, need, reduced, fragments, cyclised, publication, studied, producing, researchers, production, investigated, detail, genes, originate, synthesised, cute, sitnboston, harvard, heather, hallen, african, sit, planted, originally, realms, closest, madagascar, peel, unknown, morphology, multi, locus, herbarium, paywall, precis, deepdyve, subscription, rat, style, kit, chromatography, able, detect, hkas77322, casuarina, blast, cluster, mycokeys, pensoft, net, 34560, zoom, fig, djarilmari, despite, fatalities, orally, active, pose, threat, www, watch, ptjrvtmg3gy, peeling, interested, december, reddish, round, bodies, resemble, millimetre, colonies, pots, factor, rid, replacing, delay, formation, treating, mancozeb, potted, leap, organic, feeding, direct, influence, desirable, primary, degradation, cellulose, nutrients, mycelium, acting, propagation, myths, chestnut, grouped, pointless, recommend, claims, forum, confirm, study, discussion, lepiotas, data, anywhere, claim, considering, expect, indoor, settings, pets, nibble, inquiries, vet, indication, leucoprinus, canine, emergency, methylene, chloride, extracts, antibiotic, activity, octadecanonoic, referenced, review, biological, assessment, rani, granchi, 2015, bartsch, 2005, alkaloids, birnbaums, chemistry, intrigued, idea, reveals, pineapples, rage, wealthy, constructed, hothouses, systems, climate, monument, fad, construction, earl, dunmore, visit, rules, czech, corda, greenhouse, garden, inspector, birnbaum, 1788, cottony, agaric, botanical, fungusses, halifax, fleeting, appearing, lump, parasol, caught, permission, thomas, phoon, kong, wai, singapore, dapperling, happens, till, answer, expectation, afterward, continued, perfection, managed, kindly, supply, weeks, otherwise, succeed, skill, managing, keeping, moisture, uncovered, gentle, showers, rain, seasons, watered, frosty, shaken, promote, decay, renewed, increases, thicker, plenty, fields, smoothed, thrust, asunder, spring, autumn, temperate, finished, eight, moderate, destroying, drier, parcel, oven, upward, despaired, success, soon, store, spread, width, proportion, desired, dig, foot, narrowing, ridge, house, done, layers, searching, mould, shooting, strings, wherever, met, procured, mixing, excluded, destroy

Text of the page (random words):
by the note that bolton made regarding it being found in a pine stove i had no idea what a pine stove was but further investigation reveals that the growing of pineapples was all the rage in england and scotland at the time and wealthy people constructed hothouses with elaborate heating systems in which to cultivate them in the cold climate one elaborate monument to this fad is this construction by john murray the 4 th earl of dunmore which you can visit in scotland chemistry the intense yellow colour of these mushrooms is due to two alkaloids known as birnbaums the structure of these compounds was determined by bartsch et al in 2005 this work is in some places referenced with the comment that these compounds are toxic but if one reads the paper there is no such mention of toxicity a review by rani and granchi in 2015 also notes that there is no biological assessment of these compounds there have also been some octadecanonoic acids identified in the methylene chloride extracts of this fungus they were shown to have some antibiotic activity this mushroom is widely described as toxic but the reality is that there is no data available anywhere to support this claim considering that this is such a common mushroom one might expect some records of toxic effects to be recorded but there is nothing given that these are often found in indoor settings they are the sort of things that pets might occasionally nibble on and in fact i noticed one such case on the emergency identification for mushrooms and plants page on facebook in this case a dog in australia had eaten one inquiries with the vet revealed however that there was no indication of the dog suffering from toxic effects in another case from australia on the same page a white mushroom tentatively identified as being leucoprinus was reported to have caused vomiting after canine ingestion i think that this is one of those cases of the propagation of mushroom myths like the old chestnut about coprinus comatus being poisonous if consumed with alcohol it probably has its origins in the fact that this mushroom was at one stage grouped with the lepiotas which do contain species that are deadly poisonous i think that consumption of a small mushroom like this would be pointless and i would not recommend it but i have read a report from one person who claims to have eaten them many times after cooking such a report can be read on the facebook forum mushroom edibility and discussion by using the search function for the mushroom name on that same page many people confirm the lack of any actual case study of a poisoning event effect on pot plants one of the most common questions asked is if this mushroom has any effect on the potted plants people often leap in and declare that it is beneficial because it is breaking down organic material and feeding the plants others infer some sort of direct influence on plant growth either beneficial or not in reality it is not really desirable for potting mix to be breaking down as it s primary function of to support the plant and provide a reservoir of water and degradation of cellulose does little to provide nutrients to the plant one possible effect is that the mycelium which is hydrophobic can cause the entire potting mix to become hydrophobic and this will prevent the potting mix acting as a water reservoir these mushrooms produce sclerotia small round bodies that resemble seeds in some ways they are yellow and less than a millimetre in diameter new colonies of fungus can grow from these sclerotia these can be observed in the surface layer of potting mixes it can take several years for mushrooms to appear in pots a factor which can make it difficult to link cause and effect because of the presence of the sclerotia it is difficult to get rid of the fungus it has been observed however that replacing the top layer of potting mix will delay the formation of mushrooms for a year or so in one case treating the potting mix with the plant in it with a solution of mancozeb appeared to prevent any further growth of mushrooms the spores of this species are white and dextrinoid which means they give a reddish colour with melzer s reagent dextrinoid reaction of spores with melzer s reagent leave a comment a missing western australian death cap amanita december 14 2021 filed under poisonous fungi uncategorized tagged australian amanitas poisonous australian mushrooms i was interested to read about some people in rwanda who eat large quantities of a mushroom from the genus amanita that grow in the eucalyptus plantations there this mushroom is called amanita bweyeyensis there is a youtube video on the subject from which this image is clipped peeling amanita bweyeyensis before consumption https www youtube com watch v ptjrvtmg3gy this mushroom sits within the phalloideae section of amanita where the deadly species containing amatoxins reside despite this it does not contain amatoxins nor phallotoxins it is the amatoxins that are the cause of many fatalities when people eat other mushrooms in this section such as amanita phalloides phallotoxins are not orally active so pose less of a threat dna analysis shows that this mushroom sits within a small cluster that includes the white death cap mushrooms from western australia these are a djarilmari a eucalypti a gardneri and a marmorata the partial phylogenetic tree is from this paper https mycokeys pensoft net article 34560 zoom fig 11 the specimen labelled hkas77322 was found under casuarina in tasmania and is 100 match for a millsii by a blast analysis analysis of the western australian species has shown that these do not contain amatoxins either this is reported in a paper that is behind a paywall but the precis is shown at this link it is available on deepdyve to which i have a subscription i have also tested two of them myself using a rat style test kit as well as thin layer chromatography and have not been able to detect amatoxins this is a picture of the amanita bweyeyensis from the paper mentioned above the images below show two of the white species from wa as well as amanita millsii collected from tasmania amanita djalimari amanita gardneri amanita millsii these species are quite close in morphology and genetically it requires multi locus analysis to separate them on dna analysis there are some small differences in spore shape with amanita millsii having almost spherical spores the undescribed species in the herbarium collection are similarly close genetically since the african species sit so close to the wa species in terms of genetics and they grow in eucalyptus plantations it is tempting to think that they might have their origins in wa if this is the case they do not seem to have been recorded here it is hard to know where the eucalyptus trees planted in rwanda came from originally they are not wa natives but it is not beyond the realms of possibility that they came from western australia given that this is the closest state to africa this brings to mind the green russulas that grow in the eucalypt plantations in madagascar which are eaten by the people there they also peel those mushrooms before consumption these russulas are unknown in australia though it would seem likely that is their origin how are amatoxins produced the production of amatoxins has been investigated in some detail by heather hallen and others in terms of genes it has been shown that the amatoxins originate from proproteins synthesised on the ribosome the function of the ribosome is shown in this rather cute image which is by sitnboston and is taken from the harvard university site the codon carried on the mrna we all know what this is these days is decoded in the ribosome and amino acids carried by trna are converted into an amino acid chain which is known as a proprotein this is similar to the process by which the covid spike proteins are produced by the mrna vaccines these proproteins have a size in the range of 34 to 35 amino acids whereas the toxins have a size of 8 amino acids in order for the amatoxins to be produced these long chains need to be reduced in size and the fragments cyclised this process has been studied in the amatoxin producing genus galerina by a group of researchers and the process is shown in this image from that publication the proproteins are acted on by the prolyl oligopeptidase enzyme which cuts the chain at the proline amino acid and then stitches together the piece that is clipped out to form the bicyclic polypeptides 2 rings of amino acids that we know as amatoxins the amatoxins are bicyclic two rings octapeptides contain 8 peptides with c to n head to tail condensation of the peptide backbone and a cross bridge between tryptamine trp and cisteine cys three of the amino acids trp pro and ile are hydroxylated phallotoxins are similar in structure but their macrocycles comprise only seven amino acids the relationship between the different amino acids is shown more clearly in this labelled diagram the image below shows a 3d view of an amatoxina molecule in a similar orientation to the image above the yellow sulfur atom can be seen within the structure and the 5 membered nitrogen containing hetercyclic ring of hyroxylated proline p seen on the left hand side with the hydroxylated isoeucine i skeleton above it and asparagine n below it there is also a bridge with the hyroxylated tryptamine sitting in the middle of the structure which is facing out into the page amatoxin a molecule this type of structure is very stable and survives heating and the action of digestive enzymes that is one of the reasons that this type of toxin is so dangerous just why this group of mushrooms does not always produce these toxins doesn t seem to be well understood i believe that specimens of amanita marmorata taken from the same region in hawaii have tested positive in one case and negative in another the hawaiian species however differ quite widely in appearance and show some genetic divergence from the australian specimens an interesting comment reported on a university of hawaii site has the following quote from dr don hemmes the most common australian tree on campus is the paperbark or bottle brush tree so this mushroom is common on the campus under these trees in the fall explained hemmes although not deadly ingesting amanita marmorata causes uncomfortable gastrointestinal issues such as vomiting and diarrhea i assume that the tree he is referring to is a melaleuca quinquenervia which has been introduced to hawaii as a windbreak tree i have not been aware of this association this trees has become something of a weed in florida so if this association is true then amanita marmorata might be expected to show up in florida too his comment suggests that someone must have consumed these at some stage i wonder if there is some record of that amanita reidii from south africa is reported to contain amatoxins and it has been suggested that it is in fact amanita marmorata but genetic differences put this in doubt the origin of this clade is put at around 60 million years ago there is some suggestion that amanita millsii might have been separated from the western australian species by the dry interior of the country at around 15 million years ago but this whole area of research requires more work and samples i have a specimen that looks very close to amanita millsii collected by a friend one of these days i might see if i can get it sequenced february 2025 a pape r from china published in 2024 suggests that the non toxic amanitas in section phalloideae have a single nucleotide polymorphism snp in the 5 8s region that distinguishes them from the toxic species a clip from the paper is shown below this alteration in a single nucleotide would imply that this trait has been passed on from some common ancestor out of interest i used genbank to find a short section surrounding the snp in a selection of species mentioned above i found that a millsii a gardneri and a djalimari all had this snp however somewhat intriguingly a bweyeyensis did not neither did a reidii a marmorata and a eucalypti i am not sure where this leaves us leave a comment in search of woorda may 9 2021 filed under edible but untried edible fungi tagged australian edible mushrooms ebile blue staining bolete australia edible australian fungi there is not a lot of information around on the fungi eaten by indigenous people in australia before the arrival of europeans one of the few references on the topic is by james drummond who arrived in the swan river colony in the year it was founded 1829 james drummond interpreted from historical image he was a botanist and a keen observer and recorder of the local flora as well as the diet of the original inhabitants the following is a snippet from a letter he wrote to the perth enquirer in may 1842 i have often wondered if it might be possible to identify the blue staining bolete that he describes as woorda there are many blue staining boletes in western australia and i know of several that people have eaten but none of them fit the description he gives i had long suspected that it might be a gyroporus since members of that genus are eaten elsewhere on the globe and with one exception they appear to all be edible a paper published in 2019 gives us some some useful information about gyroporus in australia it is titled three new species of gyroporus boletales basidiomycota from australia in it is a description of gyroporus occidentalis with an explanation that it is the only rapidly blue staining member of the genus from wa i was fortunate enough to spot one of these on a friend s property this year and it is shown in the following video and photographs it is recorded as growing from sandy soil well that s most of the coastal plain and it s range includes perth i think that there is a some chance that this is woorda but see below for further possibilities gyroporus occidentalis the rapid blueing reaction in real time gyroporus occidentalis in situ view showing cap surface and pores gyroporus occidentalis view showing stipe and pore surface some of the features of this mushroom match the description in the paper closely the cap is described as dry floccose to matted woolly to heavily appressed tomentose yellow white to yellow buff to dirty yellow cyanescent with slightly extended margin this close up of the cap surface seems to match that description i couldn t see that the cap margin was extended though gyroporus occidentalis cap surface the pores are yellow and cyanescent and approximately 0 3mm in diameter with a typically pentagonal outline gyroporus occidentalis pore surface anther interesting aspect of this is the name woorda of course transcriptions of language are subject to errors and interpretations and so forth but the records of daisy bates provide for some interesting reading these are available in digital form here the many words recorded as meaning mushroom are provided on the site as a map shown below it triggers ...