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project broad axe life death and fashion in medieval europe roman history project broad axe life death and fashion in medieval europe roman history viking age nordic history medieval history 18th century miscellaneous history projects scottish highland clothing commission projects roman history viking age nordic history medieval history 18th century miscellaneous history projects scottish highland clothing commission projects roman history roman legionary line unit 1st century ad 8 10 2021 1 comment the romans do not appear to have bore distinct individual ranks like modern militaries today that we know of these seem to have been broken into categories of soldiers lower level command such as the decanus higher level command such as the centurion and maximum level emperors generals etc as such the lowest and most numerable level with in a roman legion would have been the individual legionary these were the front line units and the backbone of the army which we will get more into actual roman legion structure in a later article the exact uniformity of these men is still subject to debate given the wide array of helmets equipment weapons and armor styles seen in period artwork and recovered at roman military sites throughout europe and the middle east with this in mind we do still have a pretty clear image of what comes to mind when we think of a roman soldier especially one in the 1st century ad and how he may have looked when in a formation preparing for battle to begin he wears a helmet to protect the head this model being known as the gallic f prior to rome s conquest of gaul helmets would have been of a more roman style however after the conquest more celtic and gaulish styles were adopted with the helmets being taken and tweaked to suit roman military needs and thus the gallic family of helmets were born his tunic is of red wool and is gathered in the back of the neck via a knot the exact colors of these tunics has also been subject for debate as the stereotypical red legionary tunic is likely more of a stereotype than something actually required we do know from surviving letters that many legionaries had their relatives ship them clothing from home so it is likely tunics of nearly every color and weave were worn by soldiers and so long as it met the cultural standard of fitting correctly during this time color was a non issue by the command structure of a legion around his neck he also wears a simple woolen neck cloth likely known as the focale this would have prevented chafing from his armor and could have doubled as a sling or bandage in a pinch or been soaked with water on a hot day to keep cool over his tunic he wears a wool and linen padded vest known as the subarmalis this is a conjectural garment as no surviving examples exist today outside of a few artistic depictions as such their actual construction is unknown to us and is purely hypothetical the example worn here though not visible consists of three layers of linen layered with two thick layers of wool all of which are then quilted together using heavy linen thread and the edges are bound using additional linen strips to prevent fraying from the armor this example slips over the head and the sides tie closed via four pairs of leather ties this would have not only helped support the weight of the armor and prevent it from digging into the wearer s torso when worn for long periods of time but it would have also been an added layer of defense from attacks over the subarmalis is the mail shirt known as the lorica hamata while the segmentata is synonymous with roman legionaries the hamata invariably saw far more use since its adoption by the roman republic by the 1st century ad the hamata was likely seen in use alongside the newer segmentata and it is possible that in the early days line infantry and lower ranking legionaries were equipped with the older hamata while their better trained or higher ranking counterparts were equipped with segmentata the lorica hamata consists of a vest like top made from riveted iron rings it features a cape that drapes over the shoulders for additional protection and fastens at the breast with bronze hooks the edges are trimmed in leather to protect the edges from damage as well as to keep the edges of the shirt itself from damaging the wearer s skin and clothing underneath around his waist he wears the legionary s belt the cingulum these appear to have varied greatly in style when looking at period artwork however for this example we went with the most commonly depicted style the body of the belt is made from sewn layers of linen and goat leather with the buckle off to one side the body is wide and supports a number of bronze decorative plates riveted to it on the side opposite the buckle are a pair of hangers which support the pugio a dagger adopted by the romans from what appears to have been iberian origins finally the front is adorned with sewn leather straps which hang down and end is noise making bronze terminals the reasoning behind this apron is unknown though it was likely simply decoration and personal preference as many examples are seen in period works the lack this feature as well on his legs the legionary wears a pair of diamond twill breeches known as braccae another likely celtic design these appear in roman artwork after the conquest of gaul they extend to just below the knee and would have proven beneficial to legionaries serving in colder climates during the winter the actual construction of roman braccae is unknown to us however by studying some original works as well as surviving germanic examples it is likely these were constructed in a manner similar to the germanic marx etzel breeches only longer to cover more of the leg they are made in a golden shade diamond twill wool another quintessential roman item are worn on the feet the caligae these boot sandal hybrids proved highly effective on the ancient battlefield as they not only allowed breathing and wicking away moisture through their open cut work design thus preventing blisters and ancient forms of trench foot but the iron hobnails on the soles allowed for better traction and grippage when in battle allowing the roman formations to better hold their positions against more slippery soled shoes of other ancient cultures finally in regards to weapons the legionary is equipped with a gladius sword with is short wide blade this was ideal for thrusting into enemies from a fixed position behind a wall of shields these were worn either suspended from a second belt often worn crossed over the first or from a baldric shoulder strap the latter of which is seen here he also carries a pilum javelin the long thin iron neck of these allowed for them to bend when thrown and after penetrating enemy shields thus rendering the shield and possibly its carrier useless or at least severely slowed down or damaged this then allowed the roman formation to descend on the unprotected enemy army gladius in hand to finish the job this model bears a socketed head which is attached to the wooden shaft in a more conventionally spear style though not as commonly found at roman sites as their more popular tanged counterparts these do appear to have seen some use in roman legions from the republican period through to the 4th century though in what numbers or applications we do not know lastly for the ultimate protection he carries the scutum the shield this heavy beast of a shield is a curved rectangle consisting of wood leather rawhide and iron it is painted on the front with the 14th legion s insignia and would have been the workhorse of the roman legion on the battlefield the presence of what have been possibly identified as leather shield covers meant to protect the shield and its painted designs when not in battle testify to the individual legionary s desire to protect his scutum at all times to not do do or properly maintain it would without a doubt be a direct matter of life and death on the battlefield we are planning more in detail looks at each of these individual items in the near future stay tuned on the site to see these as they roll out 1 comment july 27th 2021 7 27 2021 1 comment observation britannia 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 1 comment july 19th 2021 7 19 2021 2 comments another good view of the well to do veteran legionary in off duty clothing rome 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 2 comments july 12th 2021 7 12 2021 2 comments pushing forward britannia 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 2 comments july 05th 2021 7 5 2021 2 comments defender of the empire rome 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 2 comments june 28th 2021 6 28 2021 2 comments keeping an eye out britannia 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 2 comments june 21st 2021 6 21 2021 1 comment while the use of tunics bearing clavii seems to have been associated more heavily with civilian use there is some evidence of them being worn by roman military personnel as well especially those in higher ranking and well to do positions in the hierarchy rome 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 1 comment june 14th 2021 6 14 2021 1 comment another view of the combat positioning with the scutum also seen is a very good angle of how the pugio is mounted directly to the cingulum via a pair of bronze rings britannia 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 1 comment june 07th 2021 6 7 2021 9 comments back home in civilization rome 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 9 comments may 31st 2021 5 31 2021 3 comments working on weight training with the scutum and gladius britannia 1st century ad photo by sherri burch 3 comments previous about this segment of the site will focus on the history of the roman republic and empire with a chief focus on military matters soldier life and warfare archives july 2021 june 2021 may 2021 april 2021 march 2021 february 2021 january 2021 december 2020 november 2020 october 2020 categories all general photos rss feed powered by create your own unique 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