Meta tags:
description=Thinking out loud on historical linguistics;

Headings (most frequently used words):

in, the, finnic, proto, etymology, isoglosses, menu, problematizing, derivation, of, notes, on, epenthesis, an, exercise, over, reading, admixtures, pet, joke, theory, uralic, from, south, squib, tewə, work, doubly, archaic, palatal, jiiddu, khoe, rift, seem, easy, to, find, kʼwadza, preambles, some, with, kuliak, no, pʼ, cushitic, western, mansi, ghost, word, ojt, hair,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (941), and (517), this (363), also (333), that (262), from (259), with (239), have (230), but (230), not (223), for (214), would (143), could (134), some (127), proto (120), seems (109), even (106), #uralic (105), like (100), already (100), are (98), been (93), has (89), still (89), all (88), rift (88), other (87), which (87), here (87), one (82), finnic (82), more (80), these (77), there (76), might (75), only (74), cushitic (69), east (69), least (66), well (63), though (62), ehret (61), perhaps (60), kʼwadza (59), then (57), blue (57), vowel (55), into (55), where (55), probably (54), west (54), than (52), such (52), too (52), seem (50), now (49), however (49), most (48), any (48), somali (48), component (48), reconstruction (47), word (47), instead (46), can (46), south (46), languages (43), their (42), orange (42), two (41), thus (41), its (40), known (40), language (40), find (40), just (39), very (39), actually (39), think (38), original (38), few (38), being (38), what (37), final (37), general (37), further (37), rather (37), data (36), they (36), root (36), about (36), was (35), case (35), pre (35), khoe (35), navy (35), green (35), mansi (34), maybe (34), first (34), old (34), much (34), may (33), his (33), ancestry (33), end (32), earlier (32), does (32), similar (31), appears (31), stem (31), light (31), form (30), out (30), simply (30), kuliak (30), cases (30), sami (30), components (30), common (29), point (29), fact (29), evidence (28), before (27), north (27), dahalo (27), something (26), later (26), back (26), both (26), initial (26), jiiddu (26), stems (26), since (25), good (25), will (25), reflex (25), long (25), magenta (25), linguistics (24), again (24), work (24), either (24), forms (24), clear (24), development (24), verb (24), suffix (24), expect (23), correspondence (23), yaaku (23), far (22), time (22), indeed (22), nominative (22), southern (22), likely (22), same (22), itself (22), another (22), really (21), agaw (21), non (21), among (21), specifically (21), posted (20), etc (20), eastern (20), had (20), after (20), attested (20), comparison (20), remains (20), entirely (20), cognate (20), asa (20), epenthesis (20), should (19), khanty (19), come (19), who (19), plural (19), shows (19), several (19), while (19), many (19), within (19), enough (19), dark (19), part (19), finnish (19), new (18), having (18), ugric (18), fairly (18), recent (18), northern (18), secondary (18), clearly (18), proposed (18), sort (18), speakers (18), yellow (18), historical (17), given (17), different (17), expected (17), reflexes (17), late (17), native (17), generally (17), surely (17), ending (17), consonant (17), remain (17), small (17), split (17), samic (17), brown (17), etymology (16), last (16), seen (16), vowels (16), singular (16), standard (16), often (16), show (16), them (16), loss (16), pec (16), siberian (16), peoples (16), medium (16), proportion (15), dialects (15), lost (15), going (15), found (15), close (15), between (15), around (15), yet (15), look (15), reconstructed (15), origin (15), oromo (15), specific (15), less (15), comments (14), 2025 (14), hungarian (14), dialect (14), interesting (14), post (14), western (14), relationship (14), turns (14), know (14), group (14), slightly (14), possible (14), dullay (14), how (14), ejective (14), mainly (14), mostly (14), examples (14), present (14), shift (14), see (14), loan (14), related (14), high (14), european (14), samoyedic (14), following (13), give (13), source (13), almost (13), cognates (13), regardless (13), note (13), quite (13), assume (13), little (13), particular (13), etymologies (13), three (13), off (13), term (13), once (13), better (13), anything (13), indo (13), parallels (13), side (13), former (13), current (13), estonian (13), besides (13), analysis (13), dictionary (12), kind (12), internal (12), without (12), single (12), believe (12), appear (12), derive (12), simple (12), occur (12), example (12), place (12), 100 (12), comparisons (12), traces (12), open (12), families (12), noted (12), loanword (12), branches (12), large (12), across (12), looking (12), things (12), direction (12), sense (12), somaloid (12), why (12), ant (12), early (12), option (12), including (12), genetics (12), linguistic (12), han (12), compounds (12), 2014 (11), 2015 (11), 2018 (11), 2019 (11), tagged (11), people (11), results (11), plain (11), hair (11), front (11), notes (11), cluster (11), words (11), contact (11), sure (11), phonological (11), overall (11), correspondences (11), else (11), above (11), borrowing (11), distribution (11), reconstruct (11), roots (11), looks (11), regular (11), variant (11), verbs (11), suffixes (11), hand (11), low (11), khoekhoe (11), mordvinic (11), siberia (11), 2026 (10), july (10), october (10), 2016 (10), kannisto (10), suspect (10), usually (10), supposed (10), preserved (10), glide (10), effect (10), distinct (10), comparative (10), pystynen (10), labial (10), need (10), cannot (10), elsewhere (10), branch (10), various (10), lowland (10), seemingly (10), latter (10), help (10), turn (10), reconstructing (10), way (10), water (10), actual (10), loans (10), reflected (10), usual (10), type (10), likewise (10), bantu (10), african (10), substrate (10), terms (10), tepes (10), principle (10), archaic (10), thinking (10), turkic (10), sardinians (10), september (9), february (9), april (9), older (9), don (9), whose (9), palatal (9), loanwords (9), especially (9), never (9), suggests (9), compound (9), exist (9), lack (9), primary (9), phoneme (9), poor (9), voiced (9), aasax (9), semantic (9), best (9), possibly (9), irregular (9), reason (9), alagwa (9), due (9), obvious (9), reflect (9), over (9), second (9), derived (9), goat (9), hole (9), short (9), discussion (9), nyaŋi (9), derivative (9), means (9), noun (9), monosyllabic (9), suggest (9), parallel (9), kalahari (9), nothing (9), groups (9), speaking (9), admix (9), basques (9), majority (9), blog (8), june (8), 2022 (8), main (8), finno (8), positions (8), merger (8), pelym (8), apparently (8), studies (8), assumed (8), firstly (8), nor (8), worth (8), moreover (8), phonology (8), full (8), understanding (8), finally (8), makes (8), continue (8), necessarily (8), eventually (8), proposal (8), must (8), previously (8), others (8), showing (8), problems (8), beja (8), divergent (8), were (8), unclear (8), argument (8), interestingly (8), paper (8), when (8), tree (8), spit (8), highly (8), trying (8), partly (8), thru (8), lot (8), done (8), say (8), basic (8), tsʼ (8), idea (8), heine (8), match (8), third (8), dealing (8), previous (8), fit (8), initially (8), take (8), extended (8), hard (8), starostin (8), easy (8), chronology (8), shape (8), change (8), placed (8), raising (8), nganasan (8), nganasans (8), splits (8), resolution (8), vocalization (8), get (7), name (7), 2013 (7), march (7), august (7), november (7), december (7), january (7), 2017 (7), 2020 (7), unique (7), major (7), used (7), votic (7), komi (7), issue (7), direct (7), honti (7), pattern (7), stage (7), varieties (7), vagilsk (7), päŋk (7), longer (7), works (7), provide (7), per (7), currently (7), did (7), anywhere (7), deep (7), relatives (7), fully (7), prove (7), implosive (7), everywhere (7), suspicious (7), highland (7), times (7), bit (7), phonologically (7), ablaut (7), rule (7), add (7), iraqw (7), lengthening (7), remaining (7), reasonable (7), sound (7), meaning (7), etymological (7), recently (7), regularly (7), family (7), closer (7), sandawe (7), ethiopians (7), vocabulary (7), exactly (7), apparent (7), keep (7), connections (7), central (7), matter (7), somewhat (7), own (7), attention (7), relative (7), spread (7), morphology (7), trace (7), productive (7), genetic (7), becomes (7), populations (7), proportions (7), evens (7), tan (7), olive (7), expense (7), sliver (7), genitive (7), syncope (7), required (6), sign (6), follow (6), 2021 (6), phonetic (6), records (6), unlikely (6), newer (6), details (6), inflection (6), inflected (6), head (6), lower (6), set (6), roughly (6), neither (6), 2nd (6), together (6), sub (6), particularly (6), history (6), reconstructions (6), semitic (6), modern (6), ejectives (6), process (6), established (6), somewhere (6), options (6), voiceless (6), conditional (6), areal (6), stick (6), basically (6), caucasus (6), nilotic (6), medial (6), number (6), independently (6), tooth (6), fail (6), appleyard (6), replacing (6), left (6), arbore (6), burunge (6), molo (6), trouble (6), assimilation (6), list (6), claims (6), because (6), support (6), arabic (6), completely (6), propose (6), extinct (6), level (6), derivation (6), presumably (6), etymon (6), syllable (6), widespread (6), appearence (6), exact (6), reasons (6), takes (6), under (6), rare (6), explain (6), reconstructs (6), giving (6), originally (6), relatively (6), mean (6), themselves (6), animal (6), names (6), suggested (6), hypothesis (6), taken (6), neighbors (6), fire (6), nouns (6), developments (6), towards (6), pharyngeal (6), appearing (6), sasse (6), konso (6), palatalized (6), smaller (6), doing (6), aja (6), uralo (6), pca (6), mari (6), selkups (6), kola (6), directly (6), half (6), khantys (6), indians (6), study (6), pink (6), purple (6), russians (6), dash (6), gain (6), europe (6), uwa (6), baltic (6), kse (6), email (5), content (5), freelance (5), account (5), via (5), 2024 (5), based (5), field (5), our (5), lozva (5), transcription (5), topic (5), additional (5), line (5), starting (5), materials (5), despite (5), considered (5), thing (5), broadly (5), secondly (5), claim (5), next (5), start (5), detailed (5), allow (5), nicely (5), years (5), ago (5), consonants (5), absense (5), devoicing (5), gotten (5), altogether (5), existed (5), gone (5), whether (5), wider (5), afroasiatic (5), strongly (5), definitely (5), lexicon (5), northwest (5), extent (5), segment (5), sometimes (5), awngi (5), suppose (5), noting (5), exists (5), correct (5), hoc (5), order (5), literature (5), sharp (5), kießling (5), mous (5), hill (5), variants (5), weak (5), pay (5), suggestive (5), proposes (5), arises (5), conditions (5), four (5), grey (5), pure (5), drill (5), ground (5), wordlist (5), shared (5), semantics (5), none (5), independent (5), typical (5), ultimately (5), subgroup (5), theory (5), mixed (5), otherwise (5), local (5), comes (5), rendille (5), construction (5), nom (5), closest (5), position (5), grounds (5), represent (5), derivational (5), noninitial (5), contrast (5), year (5), region (5), spoken (5), always (5), harmony (5), diphthong (5), swadesh (5), mind (5), avoid (5), suggestion (5), instance (5), kʼʲ (5), palatalization (5), slavic (5), until (5), consistent (5), research (5), near (5), extension (5), cvxə (5), morphological (5), pie (5), flow (5), space (5), population (5), trade (5), hungarians (5), charts (5), saudis (5), evenkis (5), brahui (5), yakuts (5), ratio (5), swedish (5), admixture (5), mzābs (5), kets (5), larger (5), japanese (5), georgians (5), volga (5), behind (5), nenets (5), mid (5), üwä (5), valley (5), kildin (5), ter (5), comment (4), view (4), posts (4), versus (4), paradigm (4), upper (4), contrasts (4), corresponds (4), today (4), consistently (4), claimed (4), book (4), essentially (4), munkácsi (4), perfectly (4), become (4), sheep (4), sources (4), uew (4), des (4), involved (4), step (4), exceptions (4), project (4), primarily (4), appendix (4), ongoing (4), presentation (4), hope (4), rise (4), leaves (4), question (4), trend (4), call (4), during (4), lead (4), omotic (4), away (4), stable (4), minimum (4), irregularly (4), make (4), etymologically (4), phonetically (4), tolerable (4), length (4), conceivable (4), big (4), male (4), couple (4), angle (4), buy (4), compared (4), afar (4), apart (4), individual (4), ways (4), absent (4), saliva (4), normal (4), thin (4), swahili (4), nominal (4), readily (4), reflects (4), 1980 (4), subgroups (4), down (4), naturally (4), fieldwork (4), northeast (4), gogo (4), aroid (4), require (4), africa (4), base (4), changes (4), borrowed (4), ones (4), apply (4), room (4), masc (4), deriving (4), outright (4), explanation (4), zero (4), similarly (4), day (4), nice (4), trivial (4), holds (4), finds (4), vague (4), variety (4), course (4), sorts (4), consider (4), surmic (4), lastly (4), parts (4), kʼor (4), stone (4), click (4), contraction (4), vocalism (4), anyway (4), bird (4), stop (4), khoisan (4), archeology (4), partial (4), bayso (4), eat (4), innovative (4), innovation (4), iranic (4), remained (4), ibro (4), lowering (4), closely (4), reduced (4), class (4), unstressed (4), widely (4), participle (4), analogical (4), tekə (4), ish (4), bisyllabic (4), tewə (4), accusative (4), singulars (4), tule (4), dravidian (4), useful (4), para (4), yukaghir (4), iranian (4), localized (4), asia (4), proper (4), colors (4), beyond (4), caucasians (4), highest (4), dimensional (4), poles (4), palestinians (4), maris (4), burushos (4), those (4), lezgins (4), armenians (4), germanic (4), amounts (4), presence (4), replaces (4), iranians (4), although (4), amount (4), ends (4), voo (4), vöö (4), bare (4), adjectives (4), 3ps (4), wordpress (3), com (3), write (3), free (3), 2012 (3), recall (3), edited (3), dictionaries (3), include (3), competition (3), aside (3), inconvenient (3), english (3), systematic (3), ludian (3), gets (3), mention (3), uvular (3), anyone (3), ever (3), writing (3), congress (3), hence (3), shortening (3), steinitz (3), ɔjt (3), abandoned (3), ē̮t (3), checking (3), konda (3), middle (3), velar (3), meadow (3), self (3), error (3), geschichte (3), vokalismus (3), scoop (3), turning (3), coverage (3), yes (3), minority (3), added (3), questions (3), collected (3), reached (3), afro (3), asiatic (3), normally (3), represents (3), plus (3), rid (3), precisely (3), gaps (3), gap (3), explanations (3), system (3), athabaskan (3), stops (3), every (3), dug (3), egyptian (3), favor (3), occasional (3), psc (3), survive (3), discussed (3), lessons (3), share (3), merging (3), against (3), drawn (3), hide (3), immediate (3), heel (3), amharic (3), gimɓa (3), notably (3), motivation (3), poorly (3), reasonably (3), accident (3), problem (3), attestation (3), convinced (3), correspond (3), moon (3), ʔilk (3), cuff (3), burji (3), grow (3), semantically (3), move (3), opposite (3), ruled (3), heart (3), natural (3), marginal (3), inherited (3), tɬʼ (3), wouldn (3), treat (3), sister (3), resemblance (3), below (3), black (3), speculation (3), goes (3), mountain (3), jump (3), meanwhile (3), wet (3), rules (3), progress (3), complete (3), gorowa (3), vein (3), dig (3), compares (3), scheme (3), mainline (3), task (3), issues (3), helpful (3), mentioned (3), christopher (3), includes (3), namely (3), nearby (3), missing (3), coming (3), daughter (3), speculative (3), proposals (3), substrates (3), documentation (3), mut (3), observations (3), mutito (3), blood (3), happy (3), elephant (3), picked (3), substratal (3), teeth (3), unrelated (3), relevant (3), tell (3), purely (3), carpenter (3), tsʼaʔamuko (3), numerous (3), dissimilation (3), feeding (3), linking (3), tee (3), assuming (3), dubious (3), alternate (3), fly (3), needed (3), comparing (3), odd (3), land (3), strong (3), donkey (3), actor (3), recorded (3), oŋor (3), unfortunately (3), matches (3), suspected (3), lexical (3), available (3), tanzania (3), gives (3), extra (3), ability (3), muta (3), documented (3), happens (3), livonian (3), merged (3), happened (3), bunch (3), unlike (3), tue (3), cattle (3), reduction (3), outside (3), unnecessary (3), bite (3), sufficed (3), passing (3), rest (3), explaining (3), points (3), vocalic (3), bull (3), ram (3), candidate (3), expansion (3), hints (3), straggler (3), benefits (3), volume (3), permic (3), approach (3), splitting (3), ali (3), mouth (3), jiddu (3), affricates (3), culture (3), retain (3), retention (3), conversion (3), wash (3), phd (3), thesis (3), metathesis (3), hold (3), guess (3), combination (3), innovations (3), interest (3), let (3), exceptional (3), affecting (3), earth (3), maa (3), occurs (3), providing (3), extensions (3), tense (3), actionym (3), equate (3), reanalysis (3), derivatives (3), marginally (3), suffixed (3), handbook (3), momentane (3), frequentative (3), 3rd (3), constraint (3), veps (3), aware (3), formations (3), doublet (3), sat (3), compareable (3), external (3), continues (3), vector (3), urals (3), keeping (3), outlines (3), fails (3), genes (3), markers (3), rising (3), portuguese (3), cypriots (3), algorithm (3), principal (3), mixture (3), thruout (3), lowest (3), uralics (3), tambets (3), span (3), variation (3), representing (3), specimen (3), bits (3), altaic (3), keeps (3), swedes (3), everyone (3), moroccans (3), tajiks (3), plurality (3), effects (3), dolgans (3), indian (3), pathans (3), develop (3), tiny (3), azeris (3), individuals (3), latvians (3), provided (3), complications (3), teach (3), river (3), vuo (3), owə (3), night (3), corresponding (3), generalized (3), personal (3), karelian (3), indicated (3), typically (3), shoulder (3), combining (3), compounding (3), pieni (3), possessive (3), ksi (3), 1ps (3), tüwən (3), 2ps (3), combinations (3), kätə (3), started (2), site (2), website (2), manage (2), report (2), log (2), subscribed (2), subscribe (2), create (2), address (2), enter (2), 2023 (2), errata (2), incidentally (2), you (2), prefer (2), wonder (2), abbreviations (2), use (2), 1986 (2), eiras (2), moisio (2), future (2), era (2), using (2), german (2), metalanguage (2), speaker (2), uralicists (2), nasal (2), voicing (2), reported (2), commonly (2), days (2), phonemic (2), udmurt (2), analyzed (2), transcribed (2), core (2), qājə (2), summer (2), tartu (2), cover (2), russian (2), wms (2), explicitly (2), device (2), fish (2), existing (2), sketched (2), analogically (2), alternation (2), intrusive (2), unexpected (2), analogy (2), misreading (2), simpler (2), ugor (2), merges (2), environments (2), result (2), sosva (2), qōj (2), entry (2), cited (2), skip (2), member (2), wogulischen (2), along (2), filling (2), putative (2), ojt (2), confused (2), named (2), put (2), significant (2), convenient (2), samples (2), median (2), stand (2), important (2), corpus (2), 1982 (2), covering (2), adding (2), fri (2), typological (2), lenition (2), noticable (2), wholly (2), conspicuously (2), pcush (2), arisen (2), processes (2), continuing (2), maintain (2), series (2), lakes (2), inheritance (2), archaism (2), decently (2), emphatic (2), decent (2), track (2), likes (2), analogous (2), probable (2), scarce (2), serve (2), features (2), supposedly (2), proximate (2), superstrate (2), introduced (2), dikdik (2), maintained (2), allophone (2), introducing (2), baha (2), ɓahɓah (2), exception (2), evident (2), preserves (2), pʼah (2), pʼitsʼakʼ (2), upʼ (2), dla (2), ipʼ (2), umpʼ (2), ɬapʼ (2), pʼaʕ (2), tʼiipʼ (2), signs (2), review (2), leʕ (2), ɬeeħe (2), ɬaħaaŋʷ (2), arrow (2), inexact (2), coincidence (2), trust (2), sidaama (2), kambaata (2), ʔɨrkʷ (2), extend (2), siħinoo (2), ɬaf (2), evidenced (2), irkʼa (2), iʔíke (2), liga (2), ʔiɬikuko (2), lax (2), mɬihe (2), lehek (2), ɬahayiko (2), rib (2), calls (2), implausible (2), bur (2), ankle (2), simplify (2), removing (2), typologically (2), mpʼ (2), ecush (2), bilin (2), doesn (2), considers (2), suggestions (2), dɨbba (2), establishing (2), shouldn (2), jɨb (2), removed (2), tɬʼapʼ (2), tɬʼagway (2), mentions (2), saho (2), compensatory (2), unproblematic (2), thought (2), dim (2), 388 (2), cow (2), preparation (2), forest (2), dubbo (2), leave (2), item (2), included (2), rejected (2), offhand (2), literary (2), nasalization (2), effort (2), disprove (2), sinew (2), object (2), edit (2), somehow (2), pʼuʕ (2), according (2), transitive (2), stab (2), pierce (2), correspondent (2), pointing (2), booqiis (2), poʔotis (2), poʔis (2), poʔo (2), intermediate (2), whereever (2), tʃʼ (2), identical (2), plausibly (2), glottalic (2), application (2), articulation (2), false (2), mayan (2), pretty (2), worn (2), relied (2), arise (2), fair (2), neglect (2), lots (2), assumption (2), forth (2), spear (2), published (2), uganda (2), africans (2), mùtà (2), giraffe (2), largest (2), pastoralists (2), contacts (2), difficult (2), greater (2), lateral (2), fricative (2), connectable (2), frequently (2), explained (2), connect (2), connection (2), opt (2), tsʼaʕay (2), palm (2), conceivably (2), instrumental (2), daba (2), white (2), unconditional (2), ejectivization (2), glottalization (2), routed (2), affricate (2), chungu (2), lemmas (2), confirmed (2), young (2), man (2), echo (2), consideration (2), tsʼeedee (2), čʼeg (2), termite (2), everything (2), nicer (2), masculine (2), gender (2), stool (2), yields (2), medially (2), complementary (2), total (2), haʔiko (2), spotted (2), plausible (2), necessary (2), sequence (2), licit (2), coloring (2), tep (2), delabialization (2), indications (2), notation (2), range (2), sequences (2), hiatus (2), gweʄ (2), similarity (2), zaan (2), suffixation (2), afrasian (2), formant (2), vulture (2), instrument (2), hedgehog (2), substitution (2), foreign (2), contracted (2), dare (2), made (2), checkup (2), lgs (2), formerly (2), hunter (2), isolated (2), millennium (2), assimilated (2), ended (2), amongst (2), sees (2), double (2), check (2), chunk (2), posited (2), treating (2), preambles (2), easily (2), freestyle (2), ignore (2), romanian (2), purpose (2), applied (2), compare (2), mysterious (2), combinatory (2), knowing (2), haba (2), unsure (2), uncertain (2), patterns (2), strike (2), tsugu (2), blabla (2), tolerably (2), collated (2), plurals (2), isoglosses (2), species (2), salt (2), indicates (2), dabi (2), wiktionary (2), deeper (2), debatable (2), surprizingly (2), signal (2), pronouns (2), body (2), eye (2), wood (2), kʼab (2), breaking (2), competing (2), scenario (2), minor (2), brings (2), hunch (2), pharyngealization (2), substituted (2), got (2), epenthetic (2), hypothesize (2), dzera (2), casual (2), akin (2), brain (2), conveniently (2), resolved (2), camel (2), ʔaar (2), generic (2), connected (2), yielding (2), she (2), hadza (2), reconstructible (2), inverse (2), suffixal (2), rate (2), boundary (2), lists (2), probing (2), relationships (2), austronesian (2), newest (2), layers (2), article (2), janhunen (2), contributed (2), leaning (2), laws (2), mohamed (2), classification (2), lamberti (2), boon (2), deverbal (2), drink (2), tongue (2), evidently (2), said (2), thousand (2), status (2), vicinity (2), eight (2), making (2), arvanites (2), extremely (2), worst (2), iso (2), develops (2), value (2), lacks (2), kʲe (2), kʲa (2), chainshift (2), areally (2), implosives (2), routing (2), nsom (2), postalveolar (2), allowing (2), dating (2), gidole (2), workable (2), depalatalization (2), ɗikʼ (2), dhaq (2), establish (2), horn (2), čʼeer (2), whistle (2), persian (2), followed (2), influenced (2), kʼan (2), umlaut (2), piece (2), hew (2), fuller (2), discovery (2), concerning (2), numerals (2), flora (2), identified (2), assembling (2), possibility (2), somalia (2), war (2), alas (2), diverse (2), limited (2), area (2), unavailable (2), neo (2), verbal (2), lehtisalo (2), hätä (2), sour (2), tta (2), suffer (2), row (2), bring (2), refer (2), great (2), cvv (2), alone (2), six (2), five (2), equivalents (2), täj (2), phenomenon (2), rounded (2), containing (2), indicative (2), shooting (2), löv (2), tesz (2), dʰeh (2), troublesome (2), approaches (2), causative (2), reflexive (2), budenz (2), györke (2), bear (2), working (2), inchoative (2), józsef (2), action (2), whole (2), die (2), copula (2), nominatives (2), alternately (2), wiggle (2), driving (2), semivowel (2), waj (2), butter (2), strongest (2), shout (2), affixed (2), active (2), hearing (2), ele (2), shouting (2), huut (2), erzya (2), separate (2), speak (2), description (2), methodology (2), macro (2), ethnohistory (2), image (2), remove (2), distant (2), aren (2), narrative (2), solid (2), origins (2), merely (2), ancestors (2), easiest (2), associated (2), enters (2), metal (2), network (2), centuries (2), tungusic (2), steppe (2), node (2), running (2), upon (2), sintashta (2), follows (2), exercise (2), generically (2), paleogenetics (2), event (2), formation (2), influence (2), collection (2), picture (2), myself (2), difference (2), scales (2), read (2), notable (2), geographic (2), property (2), signals (2), represented (2), dimensions (2), axis (2), finnics (2), greedy (2), affected (2), higher (2), arabs (2), distributed (2), chukotkans (2), positive (2), normed (2), sphere (2), topological (2), impression (2), historically (2), mixing (2), typified (2), saharan (2), sky (2), dirty (2), tracking (2), neighboring (2), ket (2), telling (2), finns (2), balkars (2), abkhazians (2), ossetians (2), happen (2), learned (2), jordanians (2), chechens (2), uzbeks (2), stronger (2), concurrently (2), basque (2), italians (2), romanians (2), romance (2), orthogonal (2), yukaghirs (2), respectively (2), mongolians (2), maximized (2), color (2), burusho (2), spaniards (2), balochi (2), control (2), french (2), figure (2), germans (2), confusing (2), turks (2), koryaks (2), chukchi (2), bulgarians (2), westernmost (2), bashkirs (2), nearly (2), chuvashes (2), estonians (2), broad (2), reading (2), update (2), ancient (2), udmurts (2), forced (2), captures (2), paleo (2), trickle (2), tend (2), cline (2), structure (2), preservation (2), occurred (2), syllables (2), skolt (2), diphthongs (2), stress (2), benefit (2), riverbed (2), chronological (2), explicit (2), oinas (2)

Text of the page (random words):
n we find a lot more but comparison with basically all other finnic shows that here these come from loss of unstressed vowel length in ee stems as still in finnish even earlier consonant stems in eh e ek e as still partly in karelian votic etc already from these facts it is simple to end up with the internal reconstruction that finnic e stems are as the name suggests indeed the old e stems they would have had a historical nominatives like kive or at this time probably still kiwe in which then word final e i this has remained standard understanding for well over a century by now the reconstruction has acquired several hitches to it in recent times though firstly we have the revivement of e harmony for proto finnic in words with back harmony we find stems in õ ɤ rather than e in votic and in south estonian e g tulõ fire and we have by now reasons to think this is the older state of things with other languages then having õ e or rather e̮ e if we stick to finno ugric transcription in noninitial syllables north estonian or everywhere north finnic 1 for dealing with this we have a hypothesis sketched already early on by setälä who simply reconstructed a parallel word final raising e̮ i̮ and a very early pre proto finnic merger i̮ i which by his thinking would also have taken place in roots with disharmonic i a in proto finnic which can be of uralic origin but also have consistently back vocalic cognates elsewhere this part remains however typically un revived no one has found much reason to set up such a fully separate i̮ in proto uralic not to be confused with the other i̮ that i and various others reconstruct rather as e̮ and which yields finnic a and the typical compromise has been to reconstruct disharmonic i a as in finnic already this far back 2 the second complication is that reconstructing noninitial e in already proto uralic either as such or with vowel harmony has been essentially abandoned we could in principle simply continue to assume that the pu non open stem vowel first changes generally to e e̮ and then develops as previously assumed but this is not necessarily the best call at this point the new options then split broadly in two depending on what we do reconstruct option 1 is to reconstruct some less descript central ish vowel like ə or ɨ especially from the first it would be easy to derive e e̮ paralleling e g proto mordvinic ə literary type erzya e o or proto mari final ə meadow mari e ö o 3 but it also might be reasonable to start a number of later finnic developments directly from ə at least in some positions the most telling case imo are the various proto finnic syncopes and apocopes finnic internal reconstruction has historically tended to view these in light of e being a particularly weak vowel that would be more easily lost than others but in terms of actual sonority e is instead clearly stronger than e g secondary close i and u by this time already around from combinations of ə glide my thinking is that these losses thus take place generally at the ə stage at least some of them however seem to be best placed slightly late in chronology at a time when final i and the shift ti ći ci that it triggers would have already existed secondary application is not entirely ruled out as at least stem final ti ci or even newer si seems to have remained morphophonologically productive for some time regardless this is already suggestive that final i might actually not come from e but already earlier from ə i do not have an extremely direct strong relative chronology argument but e g the following will formally give this result ti ći including tiwä ćiwä deep and numerous cases with tə ti ći assimilation iwä üwä thus now ćüwä or cüwä depalatalization is not placed within this argument assimilation üwä öö commences in some cases including again this root in a derivative ćüwä ksə cöökse to plunge in spew w epenthesis only before primary oo öö as i ve argued just previously contractions owə ewə perhaps ejə secondary oo öö ee which is probably still best placed before ə e finer details of vowel contraction could still complicate this though e g if owə ewə were by stage 4 diphthongs ou öü or if öö rather than vöö for night turns out to have a different explanation after all then ə loss in them would be now free to have been perhaps much earlier note also that e g plurals of consonant stem nouns like käci hand sg part kät tä kätə tä with syncope pl part käcidä käti tä kätə j tä without syncope don t help here since the syncope in kätə tä kät tä could be meanwhile already older than əj i or at least ij i in principle already proto uralic even as it is directly paralleled by cognate formations like the mordvinic ablative veťə wet tä some water at minimum e e though rather than e ä i has to be analogous here from other inflected forms other early vowel developments also would seem to be better placed as feeding into ə rather than e i ve already mentioned combinations with a glide in proto finnic we have clear morphophonological e j i also e jv ijv and can internally reconstruct further also e w u with ü as a partial but not entirely general vowel harmony alternant in this case we could well think these to be really əj ij i and əw uw u sometimes further ü instead of routing in superfluous backness e̮j i or frontness ew u developments from a ä to eventual e̮ e or i thus in ä ä a i or instrumental ma mi probably are best placed here too though to the extent that these are regular sound changes they are already forced to be early by relative chronology also e g by them feeding into syncope or glide vocalizations option 2 of reconstructing i i̮ already in pu seems to by contrast point to reverting the history of e stems they would not have final raising but medial lowering also probably reasonable by itself but again complicated by combinations with glides we seem to first of all have no interchange between putative i and j and instead a contrast between i and ij would have to have been common phonologically loaded incidentally another reason that makes the reconstruction of noninitial i look suspicious unparsimonious to me i would also expect this to have been resolved generally not only medially final non lowering does not make as much sense to me as final raising would could we rewrite here final lengthening as the first step such that we have ij i merging as ii and later shortening against a short i e syncope directly from short i is in this case easy to deal with at least 4 one thing both of these scenarios still share in common is that while deriving alternating final i might require adjustments deriving stable i from əj ij remains straightforward the third hitch for reconstructing final raising of e is then the evidence of verbs for one there would be the simple personal endings 1ps n m and 2ps t seemingly showing loss of a final vowel when compared with their equivalents among possessive suffixes 1ps mi 2ps ci ti mə tə etc this might be simply very old though and is reconstructible already to proto uralic for two a similar but less appreciated issue appears also in the 3rd person singular in mainline finnic languages a verb stem never appears unsuffixed even the 2ps imperative ends in a widely lost k south estonian however reflects 3ps forms with no suffix and this is probably archaic while mainline finnic adopts here an ending pi bi taken from the present participle but the south estonian 3ps does not then reflect e i as expected we find instead forms like näge sees purõ bites tulõ comes regularly apocopated forms like lätt läktv goes sulg sulkv closes also fail to reflect a final i which would have given palatalization cf nominals like süľg sülki spit or even more simply 3ps imperfects like lätś läkci läktə j went 5 so it appears that the development of final i was actually somehow restricted to nominals including adjectives and numerals which in finnic are inflected as nouns at this point i can then sketch an alternate hypothesis entirely by which this might be in fact a morphological and not a phonological development namely finnic nouns in e i do not reflect a raising of their final vowel per se at all they reflect a nominative singular ending j and thus develop their i from əj or ij naturally at the exact same time as general i stems do there is of course no general uralic or general finnic nominative singular ending of this shape or any other shape and this would have to be innovative i suggest this ultimately continues j as the original pu genitive accusative plural which continues to form oblique plural stems in finnic however in the genitive itself it has been ousted by innovative formations t en j t en that pile on the nominative plural ending as if j had not been felt to be plural enough and the genitive singular the accusative plural to the extent it can be claimed to exist in finnic on syntactic grounds also adopts t merging thus with the nominative bare j appears to survive instead in combining nominal forms like sikoi paimen pigherd 6 which interestingly enough are typically no more particularly plural with e stems too we in fact find the i variant in compounds even though here their i does not occur word finally e g veci lintu water bird käci pooli one handed hand half i am aware of zero evidence for compounds such as vetelintu or kätepooli even though at least in proto finnic times we d in fact expect this from a basic stem stem construction newer compounds could still just be based on the current nominative singulars in i so we would surely expect levelling to occur too but levelling everywhere with no traces even in archaic language sounds too suspicious when we also have the parallel example of j derived compounding forms of a stems thus compounds of this sort with connecting j may have been at one point fairly general 7 it is from these i hypothesize a jump to a nominative singular to have been made perhaps initially by a kind of very slight degrammaticalization of compounds like lapcirakkas dear child into a fully homonymous and almost entirely synonymous construction with a noun fronted before its modifier e g lapci_rakkas the late post south estonian proto finnic derivation of a new 3ps verb form from a participle also feels like it fits in with this in this process we have a former zero copula construction like tuli_palabi a fire is burning reanalyzed as a finite verb form a fire burns but the starting point here could in turn also itself continue a former compound tulipalaba palabə fireburning which seems compareable to still current forms like tulenpalava burning like fire with a genitive singular prepound the final i in these verb forms can be in turn also accounted for by having been still adjectives at this time not verbal several questions will remain to be tackled perhaps with more work than i can provide here but i can suggest some outlines already the first issue to deal with is why only the e stems if these attributive forms became generalized as a novel nominative ending why not also e g sikoi pig or kaloi fish or silmei eye this i believe is related to the maintenance of the bisyllabic stem requirement early on proto finnic trends towards loss of at least 3rd syllable word final ə and as is common in uralic may have been on the way towards loss of 2nd syllable ə as well at least in some positions the j suffixed form could have provided a new alternate nominative that did not suffer from this this could have been needed during the development of contracted long vowels in particular we even currently find a finnish doublet tyyni tyven calm still that seemingly reflects tüwnə tüwən or perhaps even earlier tüwənə tüwən but maybe we can write this more simply as a morphological doublet tüwənə j tüwən and then also explain the lack of vocalization in the latter form by stem structure a heavy monosyllable tüün might have been dispreferred also while vocalization of w shows many other exceptions e g direct vocalization of ŋ does not and so a development like šiŋər šijər šiir in the word for mouse would naturally have left instead only the i stem which was perhaps originally a j suffixed variant hiiri šiiri šiŋərə j bear in mind that although rare final r per se is perfectly licit in finnic e g tüttär daughter tande̮r flat ground with no evidence for trisyllabic byforms like tüttäri tante̮ri next we would need an account for final i and not e in possessive suffixes not only nominative singulars like käte ni my hand where i could in principle claim that this is from käte nə j with an exceptional in finnic but not exceptional in uralic position for the neo nominative ending but also all other cases such as inessive sg käde ssä ni in my hands where we would not expect to see an extra nominative ending present at all all this would probably have to be taken as altogether analogical from the nominative singular at least it is convenient that in the possessed paradigm the nominative singular is already used also in place of the nominative plural and the genitive accusative singular actually for the 1ps this is etymologically the old genitive singular from pre pu n mə but this syntactic distribution holds for all persons thus being clearly the one form that would be generalized if something was the worst challenge for this idea is surely then the translative case suffix ksi which not only ends in an i ə but also actively alternates with e when preceding possessive suffixes e g fi tule avu ksi come help tule avu kse ni come help me but intriguingly it is just here that we can find a seeming failure of i to appear all across finnic as livvi shows kse 8 generalization from possessed forms seems reasonable though especially since we d expect the earlier ludian substrate of livvi to simply have had apocope here in turn the ludian translative is kš which must still derive from specifically kśi ksi however in veps we can attest un palatalized ks likewise in south estonian un palatalized s s do these then also point to kse as a general point i am also usually suspicious of trying to derive observably phonological distributions final i medial e by morphological analogical mechanisms rather than actual sound change but i cannot entirely shake a sense of kse being possibly archaic one last benefit i would see in reworking final e i is accounting for the lack of any similar shift affecting o the other mid vowel that could occur word finally by proto finnic perhaps most often in derivatives of the type nosta to lift nost o lifting lift but this being itself secondary means other explanations would be readily possible e g an intermediate ow from earlier a w could have already sufficed to adopt loans from foreign ō stems eventually giving nicer looking correlations such as pf mako stomach makow proto germanic magô while allowing for a final short o to have still not yet existed by the time of e i 1 in large part this follows already from the reshaping of the finnic family tree to place south estonian as a d...