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description=5 posts published by scienceofdoom during January 2012;

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the, of, science, and, blah, coriolis, effect, my, doom, climate, for, geostrophic, kramm, dlugi, on, dodging, bullet, pages, recent, subscribe, by, prediction, conclusion, notes, evaluating, explaining, archive, january, 2012, vs, equations, motion, rotational, greenhouse, illuminating, confusion, unclear, posts, comments, categories, websites, key, rss, email, archives, meta, challenge, usual, caveat, second, some, maths, balance, magnitude, goody, yung, big, mistake, kepler, milankovitch, energy, conversion, in, atmosphere, at, surface, gulags, everyone, climatology, loses, its, rational, basis, main, point,

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the (554), and (160), that (99), this (78), climate (64), effect (61), for (56), #surface (55), from (55), radiation (54), temperature (42), greenhouse (40), atmosphere (39), are (39), with (37), science (36), would (34), not (34), energy (33), have (32), kramm (32), about (31), dlugi (28), equation (26), earth (25), one (25), atmospheric (24), many (24), paper (23), can (23), their (21), they (21), people (20), some (20), motion (19), what (18), will (18), coriolis (18), blah (18), january (17), models (17), which (17), has (17), because (17), was (17), but (17), natural (16), note (16), might (16), average (16), these (15), see (15), absorbed (15), direction (15), comments (14), 2010 (14), variability (14), how (14), blog (13), 2012 (13), space (13), there (13), without (13), just (13), like (13), 2011 (12), attribution (12), out (12), emitted (12), its (12), here (12), who (12), 2015 (11), back (11), physics (11), basic (11), more (11), point (11), also (11), where (11), goody (11), 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nd searched for mechanics and found the amazing series of lectures from mit by prof walter lewin a series of videos i recommend them to anyone interested in learning some basics about forces motion and energy lewin has a gift along with an engaging style it s nice to see chalk boards and overhead projectors because they are probably no more in use young people please advise these lectures are not just for iphone and itunes people here is the weblink the gift of teaching science is not in accuracy that s a given the gift is in showing the principle via experiment and matching it with a theoretical derivation and why this should be so and thereby producing a conceptual idea in the student i haven t got to lecture 20 angular momentum yet i m at about lecture 11 it s basic stuff but so easy to forget yes quite a lot of it has been forgotten especially easy to forget how different principles link together and which principle is used to derive the next principle what caught my attention for the purposes of this article was how every principle had an equation for example in deriving the work done on an object lewin integrates force over the distance traveled and comes up with the equation for kinetic energy while investigating the oscillation of a mass on a spring the equation for its harmonic motion is derived every principle has an equation that can be written down over the last few days as at many times over the past two years people have arrived on this blog to explain how radiation from the atmosphere can t affect the surface temperature because of blah blah blah where blah blah blah sounds like it might be some kind of physics but is never accompanied by an equation here s the equation i find in textbooks energy absorbed from the atmosphere by the surface e a e a αr l eqn 1 where α absorptivity of the surface at these wavelengths r l downward radiation from the atmosphere and this energy absorbed once absorbed is indistinguishable from the energy absorbed from the sun 1 w m² absorbed from the atmosphere is identical to 1 w m² absorbed from the sun that s my equation i have provided six textbooks to explain this idea in a slightly different way in amazing things we find in textbooks the real second law of thermodynamics it s also produced by kramm dlugi who think the greenhouse effect is some unproven idea now the equation shown is a pretty simple equation the equation reproduced in the graphic above from kramm dlugi looks a little more daunting but is simply adding up a number of fluxes at the surface here s what it says solar radiation absorbed longwave radiation absorbed thermal radiation emitted latent heat emitted sensible heat emitted geothermal energy supplied 0 or another way of thinking about it is energy in energy out written as energy in energy out 0 now one thing is not amazing to me of the tens hundreds of concerned citizens commenting on the many articles on this subject who have tried to point out my basic mistake and tell me that the atmosphere can t blah blah blah not a single one has produced an equation the equation might look something like this e a f α t atm t sur r l eqn 2 where t atm temperature of the atmosphere t sur temperature of the surface with the function f being defined like this f α t atm t sur α when t atm t sur and f α t atm t sur 0 when t atm t sur in english it says something like energy from the atmosphere absorbed by the surface 0 when the temperature of the atmosphere is less than the temperature of the surface i m filling in the blanks here no one has written down such ridiculous unphysical nonsense because it would look like ridiculous unphysical nonsense or perhaps i m being unkind another possibility is that no one has written down such ridiculous unphysical nonsense because the proponents have no idea what an equation is or how one can be constructed my prediction no one will produce an equation which shows how no atmospheric energy can be absorbed by the surface or how atmospheric energy absorbed cannot affect internal energy this is because my next questions will be please supply a textbook or paper with this equation please explain from fundamental physics how this can take place my challenge here s my challenge to the many people concerned about the dangerous nonsense of the atmospheric radiation affecting surface temperature supply an equation if you can t it is because you don t understand the subject it won t stop you talking but everyone who is wondering and reads this article will be able to join the dots together the usual caveat if there were only two bodies the warmer earth and the colder atmosphere no sun available then of course the earth s temperature would decrease towards that of the atmosphere and the atmosphere s temperature would increase towards that of the earth until both were at the same temperature somewhere between the two starting temperatures however the sun does actually exist and the question is simply whether the presence of the colder atmosphere affects the surface temperature compared with if no atmosphere existed it is the three body problem my second prediction the people not supplying the equation the passionate believers in blah blah blah will not explain why an equation is not necessary or not available instead continue to blah blah blah read full post the coriolis effect and geostrophic motion posted in atmospheric physics basic science on january 15 2012 26 comments the coriolis effect isn t the easiest thing to get your head around but it is an essential element in understanding the large scale motions of the atmosphere and the oceans if you roll a ball along a flat frictionless surface it keeps going in the same direction this is because objects that have no forces on them continue in the same direction at the same speed the combination of direction and speed is known as velocity which is a vector a vector consists of a magnitude e g speed and a direction well that statement was not strictly true because it wasn t specific enough if you get onto a merry go round and launch your same ball in one direction you observe it move away in a curved arc but someone above the merry go round perhaps someone who had climbed up a pole and was looking down would observe the ball moving in a straight line it s all about frames of reference now we live on planet that is rotating so we have to consider the merry go round effect there are two approaches for a mathematical basis and we will keep the maths separated consider everything from an inertial frame as if all motion was viewed from space note 1 consider everything from the surface of the planet if we considered everything from space then the problem would actually be more difficult on the plus side thrown balls would go in a straight line as normal on the minus side the boundaries of the oceans mountains and everything else important would be constantly on the move and we would need mathematical trickery beyond most people s comprehension so everyone goes for option b consider motion from the surface of the planet this means the frame of reference is constantly on the move coriolis the excellent atmosphere ocean and climate dynamics by marshall plumb 2008 comes with a number of accompanying web pages most of which have some videos see gfdlab v inertial circles visualizing the coriolis force for some detail and the video link or click on the image below for the video link figure 1 click for the video the left hand video is the inertial frame of reference stationary camera the right hand video is the rotational frame of reference the camera is moving with the turntable this is the best video i have found for making clear what happens in a rotating frame with some relatively simple maths the equations of motion in an inertial frame get transformed into a rotating frame of reference two new terms get introduced the coriolis acceleration stuff appears to veer off to the side as far as i can tell effect centrifugal acceleration things get thrown outwards like on a merry go round that goes very fast effect the centrifugal acceleration is not so significant just a slight modifier of magnitude and direction to the very strong gravitational effect but the coriolis effect is very significant now the coriolis effect is easy to demonstrate on a rotating table but we live on a rotating sphere and so there are some complexities that require the use of vector maths to calculate mathematically it is easy to show that the coriolis effect is modified by a factor relating to latitude specifically the effect is multiplied by the sine of the latitude which means that at the equator the coriolis effect is zero sin 0 0 and at 30 it is half the maximum sin 30 0 5 and at the poles it has the full effect sin 90 1 0 i found it difficult to come up with a conceptual model which helps readers see why this is so readers who have had to think about the effect of resolving forces and rotations into orthogonal directions might be able to provide a conceptual picture so please add comment if you think so note 2 some maths the coriolis effect has to be seen in the light of the other terms in the equation of motion the intimidating version for those not used to the equations of motion for fluids in a lagrangian formulation note 3 d u dt 1 ρ p φ f z x u f r 1 where bold characters are vectors z is the unit vector in the upward direction u velocity vector u v w φ gravitational potential modified by the centrifugal force ρ density p pressure and f coriolis parameter and in not quite plain english the change in velocity with time following a moving parcel of fluid plus pressure force plus gravitional force plus the coriolis force equals the f rictional force note that the terms are effectively for unit mass the coriolis parameter f 2ω sinφ 2 where ω the rotational speed of the earth in radians sec 2 π 24 3600 7 3 x 10 5 s and the simpler version in each local x y x direction with some simplifications applied like the hydrostatic equilibrium approximation du dt 1 ρ p x f v f x local x direction 3a dv dt 1 ρ p y f u f y local y direction 3b 1 ρ p z g 0 local z direction 3c geostrophic balance and the magnitude of the coriolis effect analysis of fluid flows is often carried out via non dimensional ratios the rossby number is the ratio of acceleration terms to the coriolis force and in the atmosphere at mid latitudes is typically 0 1 another way of saying this is that the acceleration terms in equation 3 are a lot smaller than the coriolis term and in the free atmosphere away from the boundary layer with the earth s surface the friction terms are negligible this simplifies equation 3 u g 1 fρ p y 4a v g 1 fρ p x 4b with u g v g defining the solution geostrophic balance to these simplified equations this tells us that the e w wind speed is proportional to the pressure change in the n s direction and the n s wind speed is proportional to the pressure change in the e w direction from marshall plumb 2008 figure 2 colored text added what might be surprising is the instead of the wind flowing from high to low pressure it flows at right angles along the lines of constant pressure so of course we have to ask whether these simplifications are justified here is a sample of the 500 mbar wind and geopotential height from marshall plumb 2008 figure 3 we can see that the wind at 5oo mbar about 5km high is quite close to geostrophic balance by contrast if we look at surface winds from marshall plumb 2008 figure 4 here we see that the wind is flowing more across the pressure field from high to low pressure this is because of the effect of friction at the surface the friction term in equation 3 cannot be ignored when we want to calculate the motion near boundary layers conclusion this is just an interesting part of climate science the large scale atmospheric and oceanic motion is fascinating and also necessary for understanding the science of climate notes note 1 even watching the planet from space is not an inertial frame of reference as the earth is rotating around the sun and the sun is rotating around the center of the galaxy etc etc to avoid this article being a 100 page unfathomable treatise on rederiving the equations of motion there are necessarily many simplifications offered without caveat or explanation note 2 the components of the coriolis force on the surface of a sphere are calculated from ω x u where the x is the vector cross product not times ω x u 0 ωcosφ ωcosφ x u v w ωcosφ w ωsinφ v ωsinφ u ωcosφ u w is the vertical component of wind and is generally very small compared with horizontal components so when at the equator φ 0 then ω x u ωcosφ w 0 ωcosφ u the u direction w e is very small because w is very small and the w direction vertical is not important because it competes with the much larger gravity term note 3 the term d dt has a specific meaning that might be new to many people this is the lagrangian differential which is the change in the property of a fluid following that element of fluid rather than the change in property of a fluid at a fixed point in space d dt t u x v y w z where u u v w is the velocity vector read full post the rotational effect posted in commentary on january 11 2012 38 comments climate scientists think that the rotation of the earth is responsible for a lot of the atmospheric and ocean effects that we see in fact most climate scientists think it is easy to prove although not as simple as proving that radiatively active gases affect the climate now suppose the earth s rotation speed was reducing by x per year as a result of some important human activity just suppose for the sake of this mental exercise and had been for 100 years or so then atmospheric physics papers and textbooks would comment on the effect of the current speed of rotation of the planet quantifying its effect by analyzing what climate would be like without rotation this would be just as an introduction to the effect of rotation on climate let s say that the mean annual equator arctic temperature differential is currently 35 c i haven t checked the exact value but without rotation it might be thought to be 45 c so we will describe the rotational effect as being responsible for a 10 c arctic equatorial temperature differential more specifically the rotational effect might be quantified as the number of petawatts of equatorial to polar heat transported vs the value calculated for a no rotational earth but by way of introduction the temperature differential is an easier value to grasp than the change in petawatts various researchers would attempt to calculate the much smaller changes likely to occur in the climate as a result of the rotational changes that might take place over the next 10 20 years they would use gcms and other models that would be exactly like the current ones and of course there would be many justifiable questions about how accurate the models are like now and many from the general public not understanding how to follow ...