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rs without increasing pollution levels everybody wins where possible you d intuitively think rulemakers would always want to do this there may be fundamental limits on how much you can streamline the process of demonstrating compliance but there are totally rules in our world that could be made easier to comply with for instance why don t you report your income to the government and have them automatically calculate your income taxes this is technically feasible they do it in european countries and it certainly doesn t need to reduce the amount of tax revenue the government collects everyone would save time doing their taxes why isn t this a win win of course this assumes an idealized world where the only goal of a rule is to get as many people as possible to comply as fully as possible you might want compliance costs to be high if you re using the rule not to reduce incidence of the forbidden behavior but to produce distinctions between people i e to separate the extremely committed from the casual so you can reward them relative to others costly signals are good if you re playing a competitive zero sum game they induce variance because not everyone is able or willing to pay the cost for instance some theories of sexual selection such as the handicap principle argue that we evolved traits which are not beneficial in themselves but are sensitive indicators of whether or not we have other fitness enhancing traits e g a peacock s tail is so heavy and showy that only the strongest and healthiest and best fed birds can afford to maintain it the tail magnifies variance making it easier for peahens to distinguish otherwise small variations in the health of potential mates such magnifying glasses for small flaws are useful in situations where you need to pick winners and can inherently only choose a few sexual selection is an example of such a a situation as females have biological limits on how many children they can bear per lifetime there is a fixed number of males they can reproduce with so it s a zero sum situation as males are competing for a fixed number of breeding slots other competitions for fixed prizes are similar in structure and likewise tend to evolve expensive signals of commitment or quality a test that s so easy anyone can pass it is useless for identifying the top 1 on a regulatory capture or spoils based account of politics where politics including regulation is seen as a negotiation to divide up a fixed pool of resources and loyalty trust is important in repeated negotiations high compliance costs are easy to explain they prevent diluting the spoils among too many people and create variance in people s ability to comply which allows you to be selective along whatever dimension you care about competitive selective zero sum processes work better when there s wide variance among people a rule or boundary or incentive that s meant to optimize collective behavior is by contrast looking at aggregate outcomes and will tend to want to reduce variance between people if you can make it easier for people to do the desired behavior and refrain from the undesired you ll get better aggregate behavior all else being equal these aggregate goals are in a sense democratic or anti elitist if you care about encouraging good behavior in everyone then you want good behavior to be broadly accessible requiring permission raises compliance costs a straightforward way of avoiding undesired behavior is to require people to ask an authority s permission before acting this has advantages sometimes undesired behavior is a complex situational thing that s hard to codify into a rule so the discretional judgment of a human can do better than a rigid rule one disadvantage that i think people underestimate however is the chilling effect it has on desired behavior for instance if you have to ask the boss s permission individually for each purchase no matter how cheap not only will you waste a lot of your employees time but you ll disincentivize them from asking for even cost effective purchases which can be more costly in the long run if you require a doctor s appointment for giving pain medication every time to guard against drug abuse you re going to see a lot of people who really do have chronic pain doing without medication because they don t want the anxiety of going to a doctor and being suspected of drug seeking if you have to get permission before cleaning or contributing supplies for a shared space then that space will be chronically under cleaned and under supplied if you have to get permission from a superior in order to stop the production line to fix a problem then safety risks and defective products will get overlooked this is why toyota mandated that any worker can unilaterally stop the production line the inhibition against asking for permission is going to be strongest for shy people who don t want to be a bother i e those who are most conscious of the effects of their actions on others and perhaps those who you d most want to encourage to act those who don t care about bothering you are going to be undaunted and will flood you with unreasonable requests a system where you have to ask a human s permission before doing anything is an asshole filter in siderea s terminology it empowers assholes and disadvantages everyone else the direct costs of a rule fall only on those who violate it or wish they could the compliance costs fall on everyone a system of enforcement that preferentially inhibits desired behavior while not being that reliable in restricting undesired behavior is even worse from an efficiency perspective than a high compliance cost on everyone impersonal boundaries an alternative is to instantiate your boundaries in an inanimate object something that can t intimidate shy people or cave to pressure from entitled jerks for instance a lock on a door is an inanimate boundary on space a set of password protected permissions on a filesystem is an inanimate boundary on information access a departmental budget and a credit card with a fixed spending limit is an inanimate boundary on spending an electricity source that shuts off automatically when you don t pay your bill is an inanimate boundary against theft the key element here isn t information theoretic simplicity as in the debate over simple rules vs discretion inanimate boundaries can be complex and opaque they can be a black box to the user the key elements are that unlike humans inanimate boundaries do not punish requests that are refused even socially by wearing a disappointed facial expression and they do not give in to repeated or more forceful requests an inanimate boundary is rather like the ideal version of a human maintaining a boundary in an assertive fashion it enforces the boundary reliably and patiently and without emotion this way it produces less inhibition in shy or empathetic people who hate to make requests that could make someone unhappy and is less vulnerable to pushy people who browbeat others into compromising on boundaries in fact you can get some of the benefits of an inanimate boundary without actually taking a human out of the loop but just by reducing the bandwidth for social signals by using email instead of in person communication for instance or by using formalized scripts and impersonal terminology distancing tactics make it easier to refuse requests and easier to make requests if these effects are roughly the same in magnitude you get a system that selects more effectively for enabling desired behavior and preventing undesired behavior of course when you have one permission granter and many permission seekers the effects are not the same in aggregate magnitude the permission granter can get spammed by tons of unreasonable requests of course if you re trying to select for transgressiveness if you want to reward people who are too savvy to follow the official rules and too stubborn to take no for an answer you d want to do the opposite have an automated impersonal filter to block or intimidate the dutiful and an extremely personal intimate psychologically grueling test for the exceptional but in this case what you ve set up is a competitive test to differentiate between people not a rule or boundary which you d like followed as widely as possible consensus and do ocracy so far the systems we ve talked about are centralized and described from the perspective of an authority figure given that you the authority want to achieve some goal how should you most effectively enforce or incentivize desired activity but of course that s not the only perspective one might take you could instead take the perspective that everybody has goals with no a priori reason to prefer one person s goals to anyone else s without knowing what the goals are and model the situation as a group deliberating on how to make decisions consensus represents the egalitarian group version of permission asking before an action is taken the group must discuss it and must agree by majority vote or unanimous consent or some other aggregation mechanism that it s sufficiently widely accepted this has all of the typical flaws of asking permission from an authority figure with the added problem that groups can take longer to come to consensus than a single authority takes to make a go no go decision consensus decision processes inhibit action of course sometimes that s exactly what you want we have jury trials to prevent giving criminal penalties lightly or without deliberation an alternative equally egalitarian structure is what some hackerspaces call do ocracy in a do ocracy everyone has authority to act unilaterally if you think something should be done like rearranging the tables in a shared space you do it no need to ask for permission there might be disputes when someone objects to your actions which have to be resolved in some way but this is basically the only situation where governance enters into a do ocracy consensus decisionmaking is an informal anarchic version of a legislative or executive body do ocracy is an informal anarchic version of a judicial system instead of needing governance every time someone acts in a judicial only system you only need governance every time someone acts or states an intention to act and someone else objects the primary advantage of do ocracy is that it doesn t slow down actions in the majority of cases where nobody minds there s no friction no barrier to taking initiative you don t have tasks lying undone because nobody knows whose job they are the compliance cost for unobjectionable actions is zero additionally it grants the most power to the most active participants which intuitively has a kind of fairness to it especially in voluntary clubs that have a lot of passive members who barely engage at all the disadvantages of do ocracy are exactly the same as its advantages first of all any action which is potentially harmful and hard to reverse including of course dangerous accidents and violence can be unilaterally initiated and do ocracy cannot prevent it only remediate it after the fact or penalize the agent do ocracies don t deal well with very severe irreversible risks when they have to they evolve permission based or rules based functions for instance the safety policies that firms or insurance companies institute to prevent risky activities that could lead to lawsuits secondly do ocracies grant the most power to the most active participants which often means those who have the most time on their hands or who are closest to the action at the expense of absent stakeholders this means for instance do ocracy favors a firm s executives who engage in day to day activity over investors or donors or the general public in volunteer and political organizations it favors those who have more free time to participate retirees students the unemployed the independently wealthy over those who have less working adults parents if you ve seen dysfunctional homeowners associations or ptas this is why they re run for the personal benefit of those who have nothing better to do than get super involved in the association s politics at the expense of the people who are too busy to show up the general phenomenon here is principal agent problems theft self dealing negligence all cases where the people who are physically there and acting take unfair advantage of the people who are absent and not in the loop but depend on things remaining okay a judicial system doesn t help those who don t know they ve been wronged consensus systems in fact are designed to force governance to include or represent all the stakeholders even those who would by default not take the initiative to participate consumer product companies mostly have do ocratic power over their users it s possible to quit facebook with the touch of a button facebook changes its algorithms often in ways users don t like but in most cases people don t hate the changes enough to quit facebook makes use of personal data after putting up a dialog box requesting permission to use it yet some people are dissatisfied and feel like facebook is too powerful like it s hacking into their baser instincts like this wasn t what they d wanted but facebook hasn t harmed them in any way they didn t in a sense consent to the issue is that facebook was doing things they didn t reflectively approve of while they weren t paying attention not secretly none of this was secret it just wasn t on their minds until suddenly a big media firestorm put it there you can get a lot of power to shape human behavior just by showing up knowing what you want and enacting it before anyone else has thought about it enough to object that s the side of do ocracy that freaks people out wherever in your life you re running on autopilot an adversarial innovator can take a bite out of you and get away with it long before you notice something s wrong this is another part of the appeal of permission based systems whether egalitarian or authoritarian if you have to make a high touch human connection with me and get my permission before acting i m more likely to notice changes that are bad in ways i didn t have any prior model of if i m sufficiently cautious or pessimistic i might even be ok with the costs in terms of causing a chilling effect on harmless actions so long as i make sure i m sensitive to new kinds of shenanigans that can t be captured in pre existing rules if i don t know what i want exactly but i expect change is bad i m going to be much more drawn to permssion based systems than if i know exactly what i want or if i expect typical actions to be improvements august 2 2019 srconstantin 3 comments the costs of reliability a question that used to puzzle me is why can people be so much better at doing a thing for fun or to help their friends and family than they are at doing the exact same thing as a job i ve seen it in myself and i ve seen it in others people can be hugely more productive creative intelligent and efficient on just f...