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description=An archaeologist’s view of the archaeology of building and architecture in the ancient world, especially prehistoric Southern England, 2000BC ~500AD;
keywords=archaeology, architecture, Prehistory, roundhouse, building, buildings, roundhouses, postholes, posthole, Neolithic, Iron Age, Bronze Age, Orsett, Orsett enclosure, Springfield Lyons, Little Woodbury, bersu, Gussage All Saints, Pimperne Down, Mucking, biskupin, structural archaeology, archaeologist, ancient building, ancient buildings, Geoff Carter, theoretical structural archaeology, reconstruction, wood, timber, timber frame, archaeology, prehistory, british prehistory, Neolithic building, Iron Age building, Bronze Age building, Neolithic longhouse, longhouse,;
Author=Geoff Carter;

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the, in, archaeology, of, timber, this, march, 2026, to, on, structural, and, post, geometry, interlace, models, 10, hadrian, wall, by, theoretical, what, was, at, newcastle, based, structures, relationship, between, trees, buildings, roundhouse, longhouse, class, woodhenge, 15, vallum, sequence, world, site, me, new, am, still, my, war, study, qualifies, as, discovery, wider, context, basis, phd, but, evidence, science, proved, incompatible, with, image, processualism, subjectivism, reverse, assembly, truss, offset, tie, foundation, design, holes, systematic, irregularity, maths, ei, theory, stonehenge, springfiled, lyons, fort, imperial, metrics, 11, stairs, round, house, 12, 13, load, bearing, walls, towers, forts, 16, flex, roman, diversion, tyne, chesters, 27, 06, 05, february, 2024, most, read, week, welcome, tsa, some, themes, articles, news, blogs, from, notes, queries, humour, when, google, earth, subscribe, awards, followers, is, written, illustrated, geoff, carter, edited, line, martha, murphy, contact, media, research, blogging, anthropology, interesting, web, architecture, index, labels, total, pageviews, more, about, match, report, barcelona, soccer, footie, fútbol, americano, price, football, dollars, roles, dives, crashes, bucks, trend, laundromat, tactics, security, briefing, tuesday, 03, 25, 2025, returning, fray, coming, soon, heath, updates, why, not, dead, despite, family, polis, debunkingdisslexiaridiculing, entitled, stupid, people, how, survive, 3my, ai, slopelites, noncingboycotting, doxing, jokes, japescartoonshave, you, ever, met, an, intelligent, archaeologist, let, know, comments, 2023, alive, these, are, top, 30, international, discoveries,

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were (9), reverse (9), but (9), most (9), had (9), any (9), ties (9), his (9), know (8), roundhouse (8), articles (8), evidence (8), walls (8), vallum (8), turf (8), down (8), ancient (8), who (8), there (8), basis (8), load (8), truss (8), models (8), class (8), relationship (8), foundation (8), where (7), environment (7), newcastle (7), prehistory (7), science (7), archaeologists (7), processual (7), north (7), late (7), bronze (7), lbk (7), blog (7), year (7), time (7), being (7), roundhouses (7), off (7), into (7), clear (7), out (7), design (7), very (6), may (6), view (6), wood (6), media (6), stone (6), earth (6), irregularity (6), lyons (6), little (6), international (6), these (6), living (6), comments (6), tradition (6), could (6), than (6), bearing (6), allows (6), forms (6), traditional (6), larger (6), possible (6), over (6), timbers (6), good (6), our (6), just (5), your (5), past (5), case (5), study (5), normal (5), house (5), when (5), google (5), systematic (5), fort 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rger class ei structures where the pattern is evident the posts supporting these ties decrease in diameter towards the centre of the structure in general 50 is a good length for an oak timber 60 70 timbers can be inferred from building plans some longer timbers may be spit from larger stems 20 unsupported span 2 6 systematic irregularity when measuring and analysing all sizes of iron age engineered structures it became apparent that symmetrical structures with opposing right angles were avoided notwithstanding a clear structural rationale as above this appears to be a taboo in living spaces it is self evident the geometry of all forms of art this i named this phenomenon as systematic irregularity four post structures granaries are not in detail square romano celtic temples are nearly square the severan roman built round houses at vindolanda are for hostages hostages 2 8 roundhouse maths both in theory practise the roofs of roundhouses reflect the geometry of a cone in particular the relationship between roof mass diameter notwithstanding the influence of timber supplies there is a relationship between number of posts and area of roof indicating an architectural system late iron age buildings have load bearing walls over design advanced structural models case studies 3 1 longhouse on the basis of a reversed assembly with a simplified truss it is possible to build a general model of this type of structure entrance at the front with stairs two story with roof space stock enter from side 5 unit building with upstairs accommodation roof assembled from a ridge downwards 3 2 longhouse geometry once allowance has been made for offset ties it is clear that buildings are more accurately laid out that would first appear with both 45 60 triangles evident i refer to this as internal geometry it is an essential component of any engineered building and reflects the way the structure was laid out on the ground this indicated the presence of bracing anti racking bracing is a characteristic of mediaeval buildings not present in far eastern timber architecture dougong also required for the valleys at the intersection between a gable or window parallel to the ridge of the main roof emphasises the need for over design not simplicity primitive 3 3 class ei buildings my initial idea about the limitations of a conical roof were severely challenged by class ei buildings which after some initial modelling over 5 years demonstrated it was a building it was clear how the outer roof worked understanding how the 3 4 interlace theory interlace theory is the structural solution to creating a multi span roof to continuously cover a circular area far larger than is possible with a single roof complex solution created by rotating existing rectilinear forms based on offset radial ties for the base annular roof parallel radial ties to provide tangential gables for lighting chords height is created by the use of horizontal structural nodes for queen king posts multiple horizontal elements linking posts at different heights to avoid spacial conflict facilitate construction a spiral assembly is necessitated widely applicabl e basis of class ei related to earlier forms inherently complex bespoke high status architecture 3 5 interlace models stonehenge 3 6 interlace models woodhenge interlace theory is a structural solution which accounts for use of post rings as the basis of roofing which allows for the construction of accurate models of these buildings assembly 3 8 woodhenge geometry woodhenge is unique in being based on a rhombus rather than a circle the significance of this variety of materials lies in the use of the rhombus a symbol in a variety of other materials connection to bush barrow culture significant level of architectural competence woodhenge was a palace 3 7 class e geometry 3 9 springfiled lyons timber fort part of a multi phase complex the late bronze age fort at springfield lyons essex is a timber structure with box rampart with a series of integrated specialist military buildings the site produced more military metalworking debris in very large amounts a series of rectilinear buildings laid out around a central roundhouse the buildings appear integrated into the fortifications one building has a smoke bay is presumably a forge casting pits methodology based on looking for regular structures rather than circles the first use of cad in archaeology it is not based on the existing culture of visual imagery of the past reconstructions based on ethnographic parallels racists tropes or any of the concepts involving primitive or simplistic structures and peoples central to post processualism 3 10 imperial metrics from a detailed study of individual engineered structures if some sense of the layout can be understood it is clear that traditional imperial feet inches have been employed in england since the beaker period eba this is abundantly clear at springfield lyons craft tradition specialist of architecticts engineers masons metrics can be an important cultural indicator using classical style proportions regular modules bespoke architecture 3 11 stairs in round house two of the most important excavated examples of iron age roundhouses little woodbury pimperne down both had 2 phases which reproduced the internal structure part of the european tradition of stock downstairs people upstairs highlights the practice of simplifying the data it is normal practice to remove all data that does not conform to the expected pattern indicates an entrance on the south side in some buildings 3 12 roundhouse models a much better fit to the archaeological evidence is achieved if the roof is constructed using offset trusses than a simple wigwam style roof without ties this combined with interlace theory allows for structural solutions to a two or three story building as development of previous forms internal geometry suggest the use of offset truss allows for provision of windows allows for a central oven hearth with chimney 3 13 load bearing timber walls it s clear that by the late iron age that load bearing walls were being used in buildings e g orset s9 actually a towerhouse 3 15 timber towers forts the apparent cultural requirement for circularity in dwelling spaces together with the varying requirements of both site and function necessarily gives rise to a variety of defensive structures with complex roofs gussage all saints had a high status late iron age that was not detected because the excavation was implicitly looking for roundhouse structures like those at little woodbury bersu s excavation isle of man orsett s9 has a heavy construction military context can be part of stone structure as might be presumed on the basis of scale at xxxxxxx shortages of suitable timber may in part be responsible for the development of dry stone structures like brochs 3 16 flex structures shorter lived seasonal or temporary structures can be evidenced not by postholes but by features left by stakes forced rather than dug into the ground this form of building uses thinner flexible younger stems to form domes and similar that can be covered with thatch or even with fabric or leather as in a tent classic stonehenge example prevalent in n america hadrian s wall 4 1 hadrian s timber wall explains the presence of the berm normal practice of digging in and building temporary timber fortifications used by the roman army in the field could be rapidly constructed emphasises the military nature of the project as a response to a real threat reproduces the form of the later wall the initial model predicts the form other ramparts such as vindolanda 4 2 turf ramparts in a literary sense the concept of a wall of turf originated with bede in c8 th who identified the vallum as a turf wall built by hadrian prior to construction of the stone wall by emperor sererus while this was thoroughly disproved by the turn of the 19th century a new turf rampart running west from birdoswald fort was identified i reanalysed all the scientific data recovered in 2001 and for the following reasons concluded this structure could not scientifically have been constructed from turves there is no soil process that could reduce a 14 heap of local earth with grass and roots to a 2 layer of peaty material there is an absence of mechanical components derived from a soil locally sand grit and stones are characteristic of the natural soil the palynology is dominated by tree species shrub species with mixed material above and below predominantly hazel alder carbonised plant remains are mainly wood fragments fruiting bodies of fire moss a fungus that grows on timber were also numerous in the preserved plant remains there is no berm in front of the structure it corresponds in its position to the timber wall this is a british literary tradition and not reflective of the romans own accounts which feature exclusively timber ramparts gives rise to an artificial binary choice between stone or turf the presence of the latter being evidenced by the absence of the former reference to antoninus pius building a second turf wall is a circular translation its survival at appletree is an important indicator of progress at the end of hadrian s reign 4 4 the vallum existing boundary theory is without merit as it fails to account for any of the features in a coherent way all of the features can be explained as a construction trench for an imperial road and square cut profile and spoil to be continued 4 5 hadrian s wall structural sequence 4 6 th e roman diversion of the tyne at chesters posted by geoff carter at 07 11 2 comments older posts home subscribe to posts atom most read by this week hadrian s first wall part 1 of 3 on tyneside between hadrian s wall and the ditch to the north archaeologists have found three lines of double postholes which it is a notes queries sledges my observation that a 7000 year old lbk longhouse from olszanica in poland had 2 wide doors right prompted the question was it a cart 40 reverse engineering the vallum as a result of my work on hadrian s timber wall i was asked recently to take part in a documentary about the period so putting preh understanding the neolithic longhouse archaeology is recorded in diagrams all pictures of a neolithic longhouse are imaginary generally all that remains are the archae is post processual archaeology a new age cult i recently suggested that post processual archaeology was a faith based approach that mystifies the evidence but on reflection thinking 32 hadrian s timber wall the latest research on this topic is presented here between hadrian s wall and the ditch to north archaeologists have found three line stonehenge and the archaeology of the prehistoric roof postholes cult or craft most of the prehistoric archaeological sites of britain even stonehenge are covered with postholes 39 interlace theory understanding woodhenge in this article i am going to start prising the lid off a box of treasures so extraordinary that it should change your vision of prehisto is post processual archaeology a form of religion anyone who has excavated a complex prehistoric archaeology site will have realised that they are quite difficult to understand some arch book deal i am uncommonly pleased to announce that a contract for the preparation of a publication has been cordially agreed between amberley publish welcome to tsa about this blog has original articles on the prehistory of architecture please feel free to comment my youtube channel follow me on twitter some themes roman hadrian s wall neolithic longhouse woodhenge stonehenge etc perception visualising the past roundhouses posthole basics woodland timber trees humour cartoons articles in sequence 0 what is this blog about 1 part i why we know what we think we know 01 what is the evidence for built environment 02 how archaeologists find the evidence for the prehistoric built environment 03 how do archaeologists recognize buildings and structures 04 once upon a time in a place called little woodbury 05 roundhouses and other circular arguments 06 little woodbury s bastard children 07 seeing is believing 08 who would live in a house like this 09 building it s just not that simple 10 part ii archaeology and the built environment 10 pyramids monuments to an unknown god 11 a strange receding past 12 treasure ruins and myths 13 dangerous eaters of wood 14 snow earthquakes and string theory 15 living in lakes and other perennial problems 16 biskupin a world of wood stolen by the nazis 17 not seeing the wood or the trees 18 credibility crunch hits iron age building 19 the proper study of mankind is postholes 20 part iii understanding the evidence 20 everything you ever wanted to know about postholes but were afraid to ask 21 thrust trusses and not going down the aisle 22 iron age graphs an important discovery 23 uncovered prehistoric building regulations 24 systematic irregularity why almost nothing in the celtic world was square 25 a world of invisible walls 26 impossible drains 27 part iv history and the built environment 27 a trip to the farm 28 the long view 29 bloody scotland 30 part v case studies 30 not going with the flow 31 primitive rituals 32 hadrian s timber wall 33 elsloo 32 a neolithic longhouse made from trees 34 the curious case of the lengyel longhouses 35 olszanica longhouse 6 why has it got wide doors 36 being on the level about prehistoric masons 37 upstairs in the neolithic 38 bronze age architecture woodhenge 39 interlace theory understanding woodhenge 40 reverse engineering the vallum 41 debunking the myth of timber circles 42 hadrian s lost wall and war in the north 43 stonehenge and the archaeology of the prehistoric roof 44 vitruvius on trees 45 archaeology wood and dog walking 46 the construction of hadrian s first wall 47 hadrian s first wall free download 47 1 hadrian s first wall 1 of 3 47 2 hadrian s first wall 2 of 3 47 3 hadrian s first wall 3 of 3 48 twelve reasons why stonehenge was a building 49 understanding the neolithic longhouse 50 hadrian s ghost wall 51 hadrians bridging of north tyne 52 hadrian s timber wall reverse engineering a roman rampart in google sketchup 53 starting to model woodhenge in google sketchup 54 understanding more about stonehenge as a building 55 ramparts and ditches the roman killing zone 56 debunking the iron age round house 57 roundhouse psychosis 58 posthole archaeology function form and farming 59 posthole archaeology function form and fighting 60 did the scots burn roman london 61 de turfing hadrian s wall 62 the northern frontier lilies latin and illiteracy 63 where is the woodshed 64 imaginary woods 65 understanding hadrian s wall why it all went wrong 66 deconstructing a stonehenge house news blogs from the world of archaeology rogueclassicism rc bulletin august 20 2026 12 hours ago dutchsinse real time earth magnetosphere monitor free open source program 1 day ago adventures in archaeology human palaeoecology and the internet an 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