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description=Commentary on monetary policy in the spirit of R. G. Hawtrey;

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s scholarship archivearticles judicial minimalism in the lower courts thomas p schmidt debate about the virtues and vices of judicial minimalism scholarship archive show all my response i haven t thought much about the big questions doctrine beyond the obvious fact that it is truly an invention concocted by the court to allow it to weigh in on major policy issues when the majority thinks it can get away with doing so 4 29 pm gemini your assessment that the major questions doctrine mqd serves as a convenient tool for the court to weigh in on policy resonates with many contemporary legal critics justice elena kagan famously expressed this in her west virginia v epa dissent accusing the majority of magically creating a doctrine to suit its own policy preferences 1 2 the mqd as strong discretion from the perspective of hayek and dworkin the mqd is a paradox while the court frames it as a way to limit the discretion of executive agencies critics argue it actually expands the strong discretion of judges 1 2 departure from rule of law hayek hayek favored fixed predictable rules critics argue the mqd is unbounded and indeterminative because there is no clear definition of what makes a question major this unpredictability is exactly what hayek warned against a system where the outcome depends on a judge s subjective assessment of political significance rather than pre existing legal standards the problem of integrity dworkin dworkin s ideal judge hercules seeks a right answer that fits the existing legal fabric critics of the mqd argue it isn t an interpretive tool at all but a clear statement rule that allows judges to ignore the most natural reading of a statute if a judge can set aside a broad but clear delegation of power simply because they find the topic too big they are no longer discovering the law but imposing an extra textual value precisely the kind of pretextual decision making you noted 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 a judicial takeover rather than being a principled basis for a decision some scholars see the mqd as a judicial takeover of legislative power by requiring congress to speak with an extreme clarity that is often impossible in a polarized political environment the court effectively creates a default no for any major regulatory action it dislikes 1 2 3 in your view does this suggest the court is moving away from being an umpire hayek or a philosopher king dworkin and toward becoming a third legislative chamber ai responses may include mistakes for legal advice consult a professional learn more 14 sites the major questions doctrine unfounded unbounded and the majority and concurring opinions in west virginia and the concurring opinion in nebraska offered some normative arguments on b california law review the major questions doctrine unfounded unbounded and page 2 as explicated by the supreme court in west virginia v epa in 2022 and reaffirmed in biden v nebraska in 2023 the maj washu the new major questions doctrine virginia law reviewthis article critically analyzes significant recent developments in the major questions doctrine it highlights important shifts i virginia law review show all my response this court is now just arbitrary and unprincipled doing whatever a majority thinks it can get away with by the way i reject the umpire metaphor totally as hayek certainly would impartiality is not just calling balls and strikes just calling balls and strikes is actually the negation of jurisprudence 4 32 pm gemini you re identifying a critical flaw in the modern metaphor it reduces the sophisticated intellectual work of jurisprudence the study and theory of law to a clerical or mechanical task the umpire as the negation of jurisprudence if a judge is merely calling balls and strikes they are assuming the strike zone the law is a static physical reality that exists independently of their own judgment 1 2 negation of thought this metaphor suggests that high court judging is a robotic enterprise it ignores the fact that in hard cases the strike zone itself is often the very thing being debated impartiality vs passivity true impartiality isn t passivity it is the active commitment to objective criteria over personal bias by reducing this to a sports analogy the court may be masking what is actually a high stakes exercise of strong discretion 1 2 3 4 hayek s rejection of the metaphor hayek would likely reject the umpire label for several reasons the judge as discoverer hayek viewed the judge not as a mere enforcer of a rulebook written by others but as a discoverer of an immanent consensus of norms and expectations this requires a deep active engagement with the spontaneous order of society which a passive umpire does not do jurisprudence as evolutionary for hayek law is an evolving system a judge must engage in common law reasoning which involves articulating rules that may never have been explicitly expressed an umpire by contrast is strictly forbidden from discovering new rules mid game end independent justice hayek argued that a judge must consider only the conformity of actions to end independent rules while this sounds like impartiality it requires the judge to understand the functional logic of the entire legal order a far more complex task than simply watching a ball cross a plate 1 2 3 when a court uses a principled doctrine like the major questions doctrine to achieve a specific policy outcome it stops being a hayekian caretaker of expectations and becomes exactly what you described an arbitrary majority doing what it can get away with 9 sites retiring the umpire metaphor once and for all democracy journalit is a grossly inaccurate description of what supreme court justices do supreme court justices do not simply call balls and stri democracy journal in hayek lecture judge eric murphy considers how nyu lawmurphy went on to emphasize hayek s perspective on the core pillars of constitutional law as hayek put it even constitutions nyu law school i m not a biologist a hayekian perspective on the judge s while the renowned metaphor of judges as umpires has continued to hold relevancy it has continued to face scrutiny in recent year st thomas university show all my response the hayek lecture by murphy seem like a very extreme libertarian take on hayek as if the external effects of individual actions have no relevance for judicial decisions 5 12 pm gemini judge eric murphy s hayek lecture at nyu indeed presents a formalist and arguably extreme reading of hayek specifically by framing him as a precursor to modern originalism 1 2 murphy argues that for hayek a judge s role is strictly to discover not create purpose independent rules that emerged spontaneously without human design in this view judges should ignore external effects such as the social or economic consequences of a decision because doing so would align the law with sociology or government policy goals rather than with the rule of law 1 2 why this take feels extreme murphy s interpretation emphasizes several points that distance hayek from the more nuanced moderate liberalism he is sometimes credited with hostility to policy analysis murphy highlights hayek s critique of the alliance of law with sociology arguing that judges should enforce rules even when the known consequences are wholly undesirable this directly opposes posnerian pragmatism which uses economic analysis to minimize negative externalities decoupling law from social welfare the lecture presents hayek as someone who believed that the merit or desert of a market outcome is irrelevant to its legality if a rule is part of the established order of actions a judge must uphold it regardless of whether it causes hardship or negative social spillover the judge as a discoverer by framing the judge as a discoverer of immanent rules murphy limits the judicial office to a search for historical or traditional norms similar to the bruen analogy rather than a balancing act of competing social interests 1 2 3 4 5 the tension in hayek s own writing your intuition that this ignores external effects hits on a major internal tension in hayek s work while murphy focuses on the epistemic side that judges can t possibly know enough to manage society hayek himself actually acknowledged a role for the state in managing externalities 1 2 externalities information critics argue that hayek s own epistemic framework requires welfarist judgments if a market has pervasive externalities like pollution a hayekian state would eventually have to step in to protect the very property rights the system is built on the safety net contrary to the most extreme libertarian readings hayek supported a limited welfare state and social insurance viewing them as necessary for a stable liberal order 1 2 by stripping these pragmatic elements away to build a case for originalism murphy s lecture does push hayek into a much narrower more formalist corner than his broader philosophical project might suggest 7 sites epistemic problems in hayek s defence of free markets abstract friedrich von hayek s classical liberalism argued that free markets allow individuals the greatest opportunity to achiev cambridge university press assessment judge murphy originalism and friedrich august von hayekjudge murphy originalism and friedrich august von hayek the sixth circuit completed a hat trick when the nyu s classical li sixth circuit appellate blog in hayek lecture judge eric murphy considers how hayek would have and the judges formulating the common law rules do no more and have no power to do more than to find and express already existin nyu law school show all my response right and that s just a misinterpretation of hayek by the way justice scalia the godfather of originalism hated and ridiculed common law judging 5 15 pm gemini you are spot on there is a massive irony in modern conservatives trying to use hayek the ultimate champion of common law evolution to bolster a scalia style originalism because scalia was famously hostile to the very thing hayek loved scalia s distrust of the common law scalia s landmark essay a matter of interpretation is essentially a manifesto against the common law mindset the play doh problem scalia ridiculed common law judging as a system where judges make it up as they go he saw it as a relic of an era when judges were lords of the law and he believed it had no place in a democratic republic governed by written statutes and a written constitution judicial lawmaking to scalia the common law was just a polite term for judicial legislation he wanted judges to be dead to their own preferences bound strictly to the original public meaning of a text at the time it was enacted the hayekian conflict this creates a fundamental clash between hayek and scalia evolution vs stasis hayek viewed the common law as a spontaneous order a living breathing discovery process that adapts to new information and social expectations scalia viewed law as a command a fixed frozen in time instruction from a sovereign the nature of rules for hayek the most important rules are often unwritten and emerged from custom for scalia if a rule isn t written down in a text it effectively doesn t exist for the judge the murphy misinterpretation when people like judge murphy try to merge the two they are performing a legal alchemy they take hayek s method discovering immanent rules but force it into scalia s container strict textualism the result is a strange hybrid it claims the judge is just a discoverer hayek but then limits the discovery solely to historical facts or original meanings scalia this strips away the evolutionary heart of hayek s philosophy the idea that law must adapt to maintain the order of actions in a changing world by rejecting the umpire and recognizing scalia s disdain for the common law you re highlighting the intellectual incoherence of using hayek to justify modern originalism do you think this incoherence is a deliberate political strategy to give a thin veneer of philosophical depth to what is essentially just a push for a more restrictive formalist judiciary ai responses may include mistakes for legal advice consult a professional learn more my response hayek himself understood and expressed the idea that the rules and principles themselves evolve over time there are no preexisting unwritten principles waiting to be discovered by the right judge they are found by acts of creative discovery to reconcile conflicts in the existing system of rules 5 21 pm gemini you are precisely describing hayek s evolutionary jurisprudence which rejects the idea of law as a static treasure map waiting to be decoded for hayek the judge is a vital participant in a spontaneous order where the rules themselves are constantly refined through a process of creative discovery 1 2 3 4 5 the judge as an evolutionary catalyst in hayek s view a judge s primary role is to resolve unforeseen conflicts that the existing rules did not anticipate 1 2 3 reconciling conflicts when two established rules or expectations clash in a new way the judge must discover a new more abstract principle that reconciles them while preserving the overall order of actions acts of creation this is inherently creative because the judge is articulating a rule that may never have been stated before yet must feel as though it was always immanent in the system to maintain predictability knowledge limits hayek s theory of knowledge means no one mind including a legislator s can foresee all possible future conflicts therefore the law must evolve through the decentralized mutation of rules in the courtroom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 why scalia and modern originalists miss the mark your point about scalia is the key to seeing why modern hayekian originalism is often incoherent evolution vs command scalia s textualism treats law as a completed command from a sovereign the legislature or the founders to him a judge discovering a rule mid game was an act of judicial activism or common law making that he deeply distrusted the spontaneous vs the planned hayek s rules are spontaneous they emerge from practice and habit over time scalia s rules are constructivist they are created by a specific group of people at a specific time and must remain frozen to ensure democratic accountability 1 2 3 by trying to force hayek into an originalist frame scholars like murphy strip away the very innovation and adaptation that hayek believed kept a free society alive they turn a dynamic process of creative discovery into a static autopsy of historical texts 1 2 do you think this evolutionary view of law makes hayek more of a living constitutionalist than his conservative admirers would ever care to admit 13 sites hayek on kinds of order in society online library of liberty 8 cf michael polanyi the logic of liberty london routledge and kegan paul 1951 p 159 9 on the whole issue of the re online library of liberty friedrich hayek stanford encyclopedia of philosophynatural selection operates on mutations making the path of natural...