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c electronic numerical and calculator customized by the us military came out at the university of pennsylvania eniac chinese name eniac was developed by the auberdine weapons test site in the united states to meet the needs of calculating ballistics this calculator uses 17 840 electron tubes with a size of 80 feet 8 feet and a weight of 28t ton the power consumption is 170kw the operation speed is 5 000 addition operations per second and the cost is about 487 000 us dollars the advent of eniac has epoch making significance indicating the arrival of the era of electronic computers in the next 60 years computer technology has developed at an astonishing rate and the performance price ratio of no technology can increase by 6 orders of magnitude within 30 years generation 1 tube digital machines 1946 1958 electronic tube digital computer electronic tube digital computer in terms of hardware the logic components use vacuum tubes the main memory uses mercury delay lines cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory magnetic drums and magnetic cores the external memory uses magnetic tape the software uses machine language and assembly language the application areas are mainly military and scientific computing the disadvantages are large size high power consumption and poor reliability it is slow generally thousands to tens of thousands of times per second and expensive but it lays the foundation for future computer development generation 2 transistor digital machines 1958 1964 the application fields of operating systems high level languages and their compiled programs in software are mainly scientific computing and transaction processing and they have begun to enter the field of industrial control it is characterized by reduced size reduced energy consumption improved reliability increased computing speed usually 100 000 times per second but up to 3 million times per second and its performance has been greatly improved compared to the first generation of computers the third generation integrated circuit digital machine 1964 1970 in terms of hardware the logic elements use medium and small scale integrated circuits msi ssi and the main memory still uses magnetic cores in terms of software time sharing operating systems and structured and large scale programming methods appeared it is characterized by faster speed usually from millions to tens of millions of times per second and the reliability has been significantly improved the price has been further reduced and the products have become generalized serialized and standardized the field of application began to enter the field of word processing and graphic image processing 4th generation lsi computers 1970 present on the hardware side large scale and very large scale integrated circuits lsi and vlsi are used for logic elements in terms of software database management systems network management systems and object oriented languages have emerged in 1971 the world s first microprocessor was born in silicon valley usa ushering in a new era of microcomputers the application field gradually moves from scientific computing transaction management and process control to family due to the development of integration technology the integration level of semiconductor chips is higher each chip can accommodate tens of thousands or even millions of transistors and operators and controllers can be concentrated on one chip thus the emergence of microprocessors and it can be assembled into a microcomputer with a microprocessor and a large scale ultra large scale integrated circuit which is what we often call a microcomputer or a pc microcomputers are small in size cheap and easy to use but their functions and computing speed have reached or even exceeded those of the past large computers on the other hand various logic chips manufactured by using large scale and ultra large scale integrated circuits have been made into supercomputers that are not very large in size but can operate at a speed of 100 million or even billions of times following the successful development of the galaxy i supercomputer with 100 million operations per second in 1983 my country successfully developed the galaxy ii general purpose parallel supercomputer with one billion operations per second in 1993 this period also produced a new generation of programming languages database management systems and network software with the change of physical elements and devices not only the mainframe of the computer has undergone upgrading but also its external equipment is constantly changing for example external memory has developed from the original cathode ray display tube to the magnetic core and the magnetic drum and later developed into a general purpose magnetic disk end computer structure the hardware units of a computer system can generally be divided into an input unit an output unit an arithmetic logic unit a control unit and a memory unit the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit are collectively called the central processing unit cpu power supply the power supply is an indispensable power supply device in the computer its function is to convert the 220v alternating current into the 5v 12v and 3 3v direct current used in the computer the quality of its performance directly affects the stability of other equipment the stability of the whole machine laptops provide effective power for laptops with their own lithium batteries motherboard the motherboard is a platform for the various components in the computer to work it connects the various components of the computer closely together and each component transmits data through the motherboard in other words the important transportation hubs in the computer are all on the motherboard and the stability of its work affects the stability of the whole machine cpu the cpu is the central processing unit which is the computing core and control core of a computer its function is mainly to interpret computer instructions and process data in computer software the cpu consists of arithmetic units controllers registers caches and a bus that implements data control and status connections between them as the core of the entire system the cpu is also the highest execution unit of the entire system therefore the cpu has become the core component that determines the performance of the computer many users use it as a standard to judge the grade of the computer ram memory also known as internal memory or random access memory ram is divided into ddr sdram ecc reg but sdram has been eliminated by ddr due to its low capacity slow storage speed and poor stability memory is an electronic storage device it consists of a circuit board and a chip it is characterized by small size high speed and can be stored with electricity and can be emptied without electricity that is the computer can store data in the memory when it is turned on and all data in it will be automatically emptied when it is turned off there are three types of memory ddr ddr2 ddr3 and ddr4 with a capacity of 1 256gb 2 sound card the sound card is an indispensable hardware device for forming a multimedia computer its function is to convert the sound digital signal in the computer into an analog signal and send it to the speaker to emit sound after a playback command is issued graphics card when working the graphics card cooperates with the monitor to output graphics and text its function is to convert and drive the display information required by the computer system and to provide line scan signals to the monitor to control the correct display of the monitor it is an important component for connecting the monitor and the mainboard of the personal computer is one of the important devices for man machine dialogue network card the network card is a network component that works at the data link layer it is the interface connecting the computer and the transmission medium in the local area network it can not only realize the physical connection and electrical signal matching with the transmission medium of the local area network but also involve the sending and receiving of frames frame encapsulation and decapsulation media access control data encoding and decoding and data caching functions the role of the network card is to act as a bridge between the computer and the network cable it is one of the important devices used to establish a local area network and connect to the internet in the integrated motherboard part or all of the sound card graphics card and network card are often integrated on the motherboard flash drive the english name is flash disk and a flash disk is also commonly referred to as a usb flash drive a usb flash drive or a flash drive it is a universal serial bus usb interface that does not require a physical drive storage medium flash memory a flash disk generally includes a flash memory flash memory a control chip and a casing the flash disk has the advantages of multiple erasing high speed and anti magnetic shock proof and moisture proof the flash disk adopts the popular usb interface the size is only the size of the thumb the weight is about 20 grams no driver no external power supply plug and play file exchange between different computers storage capacity ranging from 1 128gb to meet different requirements demand modem the english name is modem commonly known as cat that is modem there are built in and external wired and wireless a modem is one of the essential devices when surfing the internet over a phone line its function is to convert the digital signal processed on the computer into an analog signal transmitted by the telephone line with the popularization of adsl broadband network the built in modem has gradually withdrawn from the market cd rom the english name is optical disk driver a machine that computers use to read and write cd rom content and is also a relatively common component in desktop and notebook computers with the more and more extensive application of multimedia cd rom has become a standard configuration in many computer accessories optical drives can be divided into cd rom drives dvd drives dvd rom combo combo and dvd recorders dvd ram and so on the ability and speed of reading and writing are also increasing 4 16 32 40 48 monitor the english name is monitor the display is large or small thin or thick and has various varieties its function is to display the results processed by the computer it is an output device and one of the indispensable parts of a computer it is divided into three categories crt lcd and led the interfaces include vga dvi vga dvi hdmi dp type c s video and av interfaces keyboard the english name is keyboard which is divided into wired and wireless the keyboard is the main artificial input device usually with 104 or 105 keys which is used to input characters numbers etc to the computer as well as computer control mouse the english name is mouse when people move the mouse there will be an arrow pointer on the computer screen to move with it and it can accurately point to the desired position and quickly locate it on the screen it is indispensable for people to use the computer one of the components there are two types of keyboard and mouse interfaces ps 2 and usb the hardware mouse is divided into two types photoelectric and mechanical mechanical has been eliminated by photoelectric speaker the english name is loud speaker which is connected to a power amplifier through an audio cable and then amplifies the sound through a transistor and outputs it to the speaker so that the speaker emits the sound of the computer general computer speakers can be divided into 2 2 1 3 1 4 4 1 5 1 7 1 and the sound quality is also different printer the english name is printer through which the files in the computer can be printed on paper and it is one of the important output devices in the field of printers three main products including dot matrix printers inkjet printers and laser printers have been formed each of which exerts its advantages to meet the different needs of users from all walks of life video equipment devices such as cameras scanners digital cameras digital video cameras and tv cards are used to process video signals hard disk the hard disk is an external memory and the mechanical hard disk is made of metal magnetic disk or glass magnetic disk and the magnetic disk has a memory function so the data stored on the magnetic disk will not be lost whether it is turned on or off the hard disk has a large capacity reaching the tb level and the size is 3 5 2 5 1 8 1 0 inches etc and the interfaces include ide sata scsi etc sata is the most common mobile hard disks are storage products that use hard disks as storage media and emphasize portability the vast majority of mobile hard drives on the market are based on standard hard drives and only a few are based on micro hard drives 1 8 inch hard drives etc but the price factor determines whether mainstream mobile hard drives are based on standard notebook hard drives base because the hard disk is used as the storage medium the data read and write mode of the mobile hard disk is the same as that of the standard ide hard disk most mobile hard disks use interfaces with faster transmission speeds such as usb and ieee1394 which can transmit data to the system at a higher speed a solid state hard disk is a hard disk made of a solid state electronic storage chip array which consists of a control unit and a storage unit flash chip solid state drives are completely the same as ordinary hard drives in product shape and size but solid state drives are faster than mechanical hard drives removable memory cards and card readers a memory card is a memory that uses flash memory technology to store electronic information it is generally used in digital cameras handheld computers mp3 mp4 and other small digital products as storage media so it looks small and looks like a card so it is called for flash memory cards according to different manufacturers and different applications flash memory cards include smart media sm card compact flash cf card multi media card mmc card secure digital sd card memory stick memory stick tf although these flash memory cards have different appearances and specifications the technical principles are the same since the flash memory card itself cannot be directly recognized by the computer the card reader is a communication bridge between the two card reader card reader can use many kinds of memory cards such as compact flash or smart media or microdrive memory card etc as the information access device of the memory card the card reader uses usb1 1 usb2 0 transmission interface and supports hot plugging just like a normal usb device just plug it into your computer s usb port then insert a memory card and you re ready to go according to the speed there are usb1 1 usb2 0 and usb3 0 according to the purpose there are single card reader and multi in one card reader links webmater tool qr code 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