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signs for a wide range of customers as well as acting as a foundry for customers own designs they became best known for their part in the development and success of the arm processor back in the late 1980 s with acorn they manufactured as well as marketed and sold several versions of the arm processor one of the few processors they actually sold themselves they also made a 6502 used by apple and 65c816 cmos 16 bit 6502 the 6502 was also a processor that synertek had made back before dan floyd and gunnar wetlesen left synertek to start vlsi vlsi went on to fab processors for some of the biggest companies of the 1980 s the made the processor for several honeywell bull mainframes built the processor for the hp a990 computer and made dozens of chips for sgi and wang vlsi also enjoyed wide success in the early 1990 s making chipsets for 486 processors before intel began to offer chipsets on their own in the pentium era unfortunately like lsi most of vlsi s designs are relatively unknown to all but them and their customer marking on the chips rarely provide information on who it was made for and even less on what exactly it does the above chip marked vy12338 thing ua jet238 01 seems to be names as an answer to the question what do we call this thing certainly seems to be a bit of humor on the part of some engineer vlsi was bought by philips now nxp in 1999 so the thing may forever remain an unknown thing tags arm lsi vlsi posted in just for fun june 5th 2017 by admin sifive fe310 setting the risc free sifive fe310 risc v processor early lsi sparc processor for size comparison both are based on u c berkeley risc designs the idea of risc reduced instruction set computer processors began in education specifically university of california berkeley in the early 1980 s and it was out universities that some of the most famous risc designs came mips still in use today started life as a project at stanford university and sparc made famous by sun and now made by oracle and fujitsu started life as a berkeley university project universities have continued to work with risc architectures for research and teaching the simplicity of risc makes them an ideal educational tool for learning how computers processors function at their basic levels by the late 1980 s risc had begun to become a commercial revolution with nearly every player having their own risc design amd 29k intel i960 hp pa risc weitek xl8000 mips sparc arm hitachi sh risc ibm power and others offered their take on the risc design most were proprietary while a few were licenseable none were open architectures for anyone to use unfortunately outside of the university risc processors are not as simple the architectures and their use may be but licensing them for the design is not it can often take more time and effort to license a modern risc processor then it does to actually implement it the costs to use these architectures both in time and money often prohibit their very use sifive fe310 sample donated by sifive full 32 bit risc on a 7 2mm 2 die in a 36mm 2 package it is out of this that sifive began sifive was founded by the creators of the first commercially successful open risc architecture known as risc v risc v was developed at berkeley fittingly in 2010 and was designed to be a truly useful general purpose risc processor easy to design with easy to code for and with enough features to be commercially useful not limited to the classroom it is called the risc v because it is the fifth risc design developed at berkeley risc i and risc ii being designed in 1981 followed by soar smalltalk on a risc in 1984 and spur symbolic processing using risc in 1988 risc v has already proved to be a success it is licensed freely and in a way bsd license that allows products that use it to be either open or proprietary one of the more well known users is nvidia which announced they are replacing their own proprietary falcon processors used in their gpus and tegra processors with risc v samsung qualcomm and others are already using risc v these cores are often so deeply embedded that their existence goes without mention but they are there working in the background to make whatever tech needs to work work the risc v architecture supports 122 instructions 98 of which are common to almost all prior risc designs and 18 common to a few six completely new instructions were added to handle unique attributes of the architecture using a 64 bit performance register in a 32 bit arch and to support a more powerful sign injection instruction which can be used for absolute value among other things it uses 31 32 bit registers register 0 is reserved for holding the constant 0 with optional support for 32 floating point registers true to the risc design it is a pure load store processor the only accesses to memory are via the load store instructions intel 4004 with 5 sifive risc processors the 4004 was meant for a calculator the fe310 is meant for whatever your mind may dream up sifive is unique among risc ip companies they not only license ip but also sell processors and dev boards the fe310 freedom everywhere 310 is a 320mhz risc v architecture with 16k of i cache and 16k of scratchpad ram fabbed by tsmc on a 180nm process even on this process which is now a commodity process the fe310 s efficient design results in a die size of only 2 65mm x 2 72mm on a standard 200mm wafer this results in 3500 die per wafer greatly helping lower the cost its an impressive chip and one that is completely open source what is more impressive is licensing sifive cores it is a simple and straightforward process the core 32 bit e31 or 64 bit e51 can be configured on sifive s site with pricing shown as you go the license is a simple 7 page document that can be signed and submitted online pricing starts at 275 000 and is a one time fee there are no continuing royalty payments the entire process can be completed in a week or less in comparison arm the biggest licensor of risc processors does not publish pricing charges 1 2 royalties on every chip made and has a license process that can take over a year the base fees start at around 1 million and go into the 10 s of millions depending on how you want to use the ip where it will be and for how long for many small companies and users this is simply not feasible and it is these smaller users that sifive wishes to work with licensing a processor for the next great tech should not be the hurdle that it has become many great ideas never make it to fruition due to these roadblocks we look forward to finding sifive processors and cores in all sorts of products in the future thanks to sifive for their generous donation of several fe310 processors to the cpu shack museum tags arm mips risc sifive sparc posted in cpu of the day february 19th 2017 by admin milandr k1986ve91t the arm of russia milandr k1986ve91t 80mhz arm cortex m3 in the early 1990 s a milandr was formed in zelenograd russia just a short distance to the nw of moscow the silicon valley of russia home to the angstrem and micron ic design houses they are a fabless company though with their own packaging test facilities specializing in high reliability metal ceramic packages most of their products are fab d in germany by x fab x fab was formed in part from the remains of the soviet e german era veb mikroelektronik karl marx in erfurt germany also known as fwe mme and later thesys in soviet times it wasn t uncommon for soviet companies to use dies produced by fwe in their own packages so this bit of legacy continues today the k1986ve91t is one of milandr s top end products it is an 80mhz arm cortex m3 based processor and likely one of the largest if not the largest cortex m3 made it is made on a 180nm process and includes 32k ram 128k flashrom 96 user i o usb 2 uart and 12 bit dac adc judging by the die the processor was built with standard licensed blocks very common for such designs milandr licensed the arm cortex m3 itself in december of 2008 for use mainly in automotive and industrial applications milandr is also the very first russian company to license and use an arm core analog devices aducm322bbcz arm cortex m3 80mhz same basic core but in a very much less appealing package the package however is completely unique it is a 132 pin cqfp package there are 33 gold leads on each side of the white ceramic package each row is actually 2 staggered rows the offset allows the finer lead pitch and still room to bond the leads to the top of the package soviet processors were often delivered in the most stunning of packages and 25 years later milandr keeps that tradition alive each of these processors came with a brief datasheet complete with inspection stamps for the processor it is all in russian but check it out here milandr made several variations of the cortex m3 including the ve92 and ve93 which are internally identical but with much less i o available owing to there smaller 64 pin and 48 pin packages respectively milandr also made a copy of the pic17 processor that we covered last year a version of the k1986vexx continues to be made by milandr but renamed to the mdr32f9qx it continues to have the same basic core but in a 144 pin package allowing even greater i o support tags arm milandr russia posted in cpu of the day october 4th 2016 by admin testing all the arms arm946e on a chartered semiconductor 0 18u process arm is one of the most popular risc cores used today and has been for over a decade now arm is an ip company they license processor designs architectures for others to use but do not actually manufacturer the processors themselves or do they arm offers a variety of cores and licenses them in a variety of different ways there are in general three main ways to get an arm design larger companies with may resources such as apple broadcom or qualcomm will purchase an arm architecture license this isn t specific to any arm core in particular such as say a arm946 but the entire arm architecture allowing these companies to design their own arm processors from the ground up this takes a lot of resources and talent that many companies lack second arm offers rtl register transfer level processor models these are provided in a hardware programming language such as vhdl or verilog they can be dropped into a design along with other ip blocks memory graphics etc and wrapped with whatever a company needs this is a fairly common method and typically the lest expensive it does require more work and testing though designing a chip is only part of the process once it s designed it still must be fab d arm7ej s on a tsmc 0 18u process wafer 25 from june 2003 arm also offers arm models that are transistor level designs pre tested on various fab processes pre tested means exactly what it sounds like arm designed built and had them manufactured fixing any problems and thus giving the ability to say this core will run at this speed on this fab s process testing and validation may often go as far as testing a particular fab s particular process in a particular package its more work and thus cost more but these make for drop in arm cores want to use a arm946 core on a tsmc 0 18u process in a lead free amkor bga package yah arm s tested that and can provide you with a design they know is compatible this allows extremely fast turn around from concept to design to silicon in the below picture click to enlarge you can see a large variety of arm cores from the early 2000 s they span arm7 arm9 arm10 and arm11 designs each is marked with info as to what exactly it is the core name the revision such as r2p0 meaning major revision 2 pass subversion 0 as well as the fab tsmc umc smic chartered and the design node all of these are either 0 18 or 0 13u processors 21 various arm design tet chips from tsmc umc charted covering many arm cores also noted on some is the exact wafer the die was cut from this is typical on very early production tests usually first run silicon so they can identify any physical manufacturing defects easier some design modifications have little to do with the processor itself but are done to increase yields on a given process node arm926ej on a umc 0 13u process package type in this case most are amkor bga and other features are noted many say etm which is arm s embedded trace macrocell a debugging tool that allows instruction and date traces of an in operation core very useful for debugging arm offers etm for each of their processor types etm9 for example covers all arm9 type cores and itself has a revision number as well some of these chips come in an interesting bga package the package has a removable die cover for inspection testing and possibly modification note the large die in the arm926ej on the left though the processor core itself is very small its in the upper left only a few square mm this is done to facilitate bonding into the package in this type of package there wouldn t be any way to connect all the bonding wires to the very tiny arm core so the die has a lot of wasted space on it so does arm make processors yup but only for internal use to help develop the best possible ip for their clients tags arm posted in cpu of the day february 8th 2016 by admin reverse engineering the arm1 processor vlsi vl2333 qc arm acorn arm2 adds mult instruction in hardware 1987 ken shirriff has an interesting article on reverse engineering the original arm1 processor as designed by arm and implemented by vlsi he goes right to the silicon to form a transistor level model emulator of the chip back in 1986 when the arm was designed and released it wasn t very well known being used in very few devices this continued for over a decade surprisingly being used in niche markets the apple newton the dec strongarm on raid cards etc it wasn t until the 2000 s that this processor startup from england became the powerhouse it is today two major developments drove this mobile and multimedia the arm architecture was powerful small and easy on the power budget this obviously was a benefit for mobile but also proved very useful in dealing with multimedia processing such as controllers on dvd players digital picture frames mp3 players and the like today hundreds of companies license and use the architecture and it is found in devices now numbering in the billions tags arm posted in research may 28th 2014 by admin intel joins forces with rockchip arm meets x86 it s well known that intel missed the jump on tablet and phone processors intel sold off their pxa line of arm processors to marvell in 2006 in an attempt to get back to the basics it turned out that this sale perhaps was a bit premature as the basics ended up being mobile and mobile is where intel struggled by mobile we mean phones tablets not laptops which intel has no problems with in january of 2011 intel purchased the communications division of infineon gaining a line of application and baseband processors based on arm architecture of course intel developed this into the sofia application...