Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

the, 11, lsi, cpu, soviet, processor, dec, 1801vm3, enhanced, 1801vm2, m7260, kd11, pdp, goes, msi, of, day, chipset, test, boards, products, categories, recent, posts, largest, museum, ebay, deals, popular, articles, links, tags,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (263), and (86), was (46), cpu (36), for (34), this (28), pdp (27), lsi (27), are (26), with (24), bit (23), made (22), dec (21), from (20), control (19), processor (18), logic (18), chips (17), were (16), instruction (16), chip (15), board (14), instructions (14), #1801vm2 (14), soviet (13), well (13), set (13), memory (13), these (13), chipset (12), fis (12), there (11), data (11), but (11), 000 (11), computer (11), they (10), that (10), into (10), boards (10), digital (10), microms (10), dvk (10), extra (10), dot (10), alu (9), other (9), many (9), systems (9), all (9), eis (9), die (9), first (9), its (9), like (9), std (8), day (8), western (8), based (8), system (8), one (8), series (8), performance (8), clock (8), angstrem (8), package (8), test (8), processors (7), what (7), used (7), more (7), design (7), pcb (7), released (7), point (7), kd11 (7), which (7), can (7), 74181 (7), computers (7), very (7), contains (7), same (7), ceramic (7), intel (6), guide (6), you (6), also (6), museum (6), 1990 (6), technology (6), inst (6), support (6), not (6), different (6), register (6), transistors (6), unit (6), line (6), microprocessor (6), 1806vm2 (6), number (6), dip (6), 1801vp1 (6), 1801vm3 (6), national (5), mcs (5), tags (5), being (5), here (5), versions (5), had (5), see (5), dibol (5), 1611 (5), part (5), could (5), revisions (5), floating (5), registers (5), have (5), still (5), single (5), module (5), 1972 (5), m7260 (5), time (5), speed (5), base (5), military (5), marking (5), elements (5), using (5), electronics (5), 1801vm1 (5), silicon (5), circuits (5), signals (5), form (4), come (4), where (4), posted (4), use (4), some (4), microm (4), things (4), available (4), similar (4), later (4), however (4), added (4), around (4), bus (4), address (4), word (4), rom (4), admin (4), then (4), when (4), developed (4), much (4), m7261 (4), microcode (4), general (4), only (4), version (4), ttl (4), purpose (4), path (4), power (4), just (4), 1991 (4), device (4), west (4), operations (4), micron (4), development (4), layer (4), wafers (4), xxx (4), cdip64 (4), shack (3), pic (3), mips (3), eprom (3), cyrix (3), amd (3), how (3), popular (3), may (3), them (3), few (3), latest (3), new (3), about (3), interesting (3), their (3), continuing (3), found (3), mcp1600 (3), itself (3), 1982 (3), faster (3), firmware (3), correct (3), most (3), including (3), adding (3), access (3), rest (3), back (3), would (3), november (3), over (3), large (3), wires (3), further (3), fixed (3), dated (3), forms (3), interrupt (3), limited (3), arithmetic (3), includes (3), microprogram (3), original (3), microprocessors (3), code (3), cqfp (3), flat (3), lead (3), grade (3), consumption (3), integral (3), rate (3), produced (3), romashka (3), between (3), half (3), post (3), 8mhz (3), addition (3), manufacturing (3), channel (3), gate (3), mos (3), 5mhz (3), 119 (3), oxide (3), ula (3), 1201 (3), vm2 (3), 64k (3), total (3), creative (2), z80 (2), space (2), signetics (2), semiconductor (2), motorola (2), mil (2), 1750a (2), ibm (2), fairchild (2), embedded (2), 6800 (2), 6502 (2), 2901 (2), reference (2), links (2), ebay (2), result (2), paid (2), now (2), working (2), raw (2), will (2), get (2), continued (2), today (2), such (2), automation (2), continue (2), work (2), early (2), 1976 (2), any (2), 1977 (2), produce (2), while (2), parts (2), common (2), cp1631b (2), 1611h (2), language (2), ways (2), way (2), outside (2), production (2), year (2), m7264 (2), formed (2), typical (2), fashion (2), completely (2), basic (2), supported (2), extended (2), mul (2), div (2), fadd (2), fsub (2), fmul (2), fdiv (2), ash (2), ashc (2), has (2), microinstruction (2), 1621 (2), handles (2), each (2), allow (2), required (2), emulate (2), look (2), basis (2), pascal (2), build (2), bipolar (2), allowed (2), resulting (2), themselves (2), others (2), microcomputer (2), history (2), 1mhz (2), 2020 (2), years (2), memories (2), 1980 (2), enhanced (2), rather (2), tetris (2), another (2), amount (2), running (2), called (2), change (2), placed (2), after (2), layout (2), down (2), testing (2), july (2), 20th (2), right (2), goes (2), carry (2), generator (2), 181 (2), roms (2), sram (2), scratch (2), pad (2), special (2), program (2), counter (2), etc (2), 74s181 (2), gates (2), perform (2), functions (2), pair (2), reading (2), pictures (2), ran (2), run (2), quite (2), msi (2), example (2), interface (2), unibus (2), before (2), heart (2), 4th (2), article (2), compatible (2), known (2), 1987 (2), image (2), baator (2), n1806vm2 (2), pack (2), rhombus (2), mhz (2), chess (2), electronic (2), text (2), typewriter (2), lines (2), through (2), km1801vm2 (2), models (2), research (2), model (2), 1983 (2), 200 (2), comparison (2), implementation (2), error (2), solnechnogorsk (2), electromechanical (2), plant (2), pin (2), marker (2), surface (2), mount (2), plastic (2), 1801vm2a (2), case (2), two (2), easy (2), 10mhz (2), considered (2), supply (2), voltage (2), transistor (2), count (2), 500 (2), active (2), size (2), process (2), specifications (2), earlier (2), 2021 (2), custom (2), nearly (2), integrated (2), x86 (2), end (2), generates (2), correction (2), edc (2), kr1801vp1 (2), pattern (2), controller (2), contain (2), eeprom (2), 1801 (2), km1801vm3 (2), architecture (2), n1801vm3 (2), cqfp64 (2), ka1801vm3 (2), 4mhz (2), dots (2), 6mhz (2), 4mb (2), 1801vm4 (2), 8085 (2), products (2), news (2), manufacturers (2), 2009, site, pxl, zilog, vliw, sun, sparc, risc, renesas, qualcomm, powerpc, philips, nvidia, nec, mcu, mcm, dsp, slice, atmel, arm, apple, datasheet, archive, rapidcad, mediagx, geode, socket, eastern, bloc, overclocking, uli, m6117c, 80386sx, via, overview, mergers, aquisitions, spin, offs, 29k, articles, loading, clicking, link, referral, commission, purchase, deals, sorted, manufacturer, technically, brand, thumbnails, view, directory, didnt, make, gallery, images, daily, hunt, information, constantly, across, strange, locations, chance, learn, largest, rss, feeds, popularity, 1970, resulted, customers, industrial, licensed, exchange, ram, licensing, unclear, actually, started, source, mixed, m7270, 007a5, 008a5, 005b5, 004b5, 091a5, cp1631b153, 002b5, cp1631b073, 001b5, cp1631b103, 001c2, cp1621b451, 009b5, 001c3, cp1621b14, 003b5, 002c4, 16890, 007b5, 003c4, 15579, 008b5, 11549, notes, 3010d, 3007d, 3015d, 2007c, help, sort, out, included, business, oriented, cobol, since, needed, both, revised, bugs, handing, played, specific, etch, matching, task, take, several, dozen, pages, maintenance, manual, pauli, rautakorpi, began, march, 1975, shipments, commencing, hear, came, flavors, amounts, due, needs, handle, means, useful, additions, shifts, standard, turned, pictured, controlled, interprets, macroinstructions, timing, interrupts, allows, connected, 512, hold, function, 2014, discussed, 1974, equipment, corporation, contracted, minicomputer, million, market, sell, grant, license, 9000, 22nd, 2017, amazing, span, decades, important, perhaps, away, typically, inindustrial, environments, ironically, helping, likely, far, advanced, cost, dollars, 154, ended, minicomputers, selling, 600, units, moved, entire, enhancements, widely, comied, union, russia, clone, game, familiar, green, eco, engineering, order, hand, faults, goal, expensive, delicate, failures, road, implemented, modern, tools, virtually, eliminate, possibility, faulty, making, xlat, livejournal, com, particular, month, initial, release, big, white, instruments, 1012, uart, thr, alus, together, complete, 74150, multiplexer, helps, determine, 74182, ahead, supporting, c3101a, 35ns, srams, replaced, cheaper, 7489, vector, capable, 42mhz, 90mhz, schottky, drops, 27mhz, taking, usually, equivalent, 170, inputs, ken, shirriff, did, excellent, thats, worth, pretty, even, level, analysis, off, 150ns, 67mhz, 32k, words, 64kb, core, 980ns, cycle, good, 934159, 1971, consisted, functional, components, contained, modules, status, auxiliary, decoding, serial, communications, internal, detecting, stack, priority, arbitration, drivers, receivers, microbranch, store, fail, brain, told, containing, implement, microcoded, budget, been, ka11, simple, adds, meant, designers, implementing, changed, famous, third, kb11, front, panel, vintage_electron, april, 16th, photos, collection, perfiliev, andrey, andreycpu, written, originally, contributing, author, vladimir, yakovlev, edited, cpushack, radiation, hardened, introduced, 1836vm2, n1836vm2, countries, existing, reliability, driver, industry, uses, than, having, greatest, rad, hard, 8051s, 80186s, need, repair, laying, buran, shuttle, n1806bm2, substrate, forming, circa, 1999, quad, nice, pink, developers, bug, present, relief, annoyance, programmers, supplied, dual, leads, denotes, 025w, 134, 636, 1984, functionally, corresponds, cmos, inside, continuation, svetlana, association, leningrad, belonged, generation, typewriters, functionality, close, editors, possible, automatically, format, alignment, spacing, characters, bold, underlined, fonts, least, page, 3800, bytes, machine, kursk, schetmash, 1990s, institute, precision, zelenograd, moscow, 1981, architecturally, copies, mini, pdc, nine, expanded, realized, subroutines, performing, type, handler, shadow, k1801re2, console, mode, executed, style, truly, hardware, break, something, execute, during, leading, malfunction, addressing, method, mov, kn1801vm2, 1985, 1801vm2b, note, date, 1989, increase, noise, immunity, additional, ground, contacts, manufactured, factories, semz, grading, done, miss, tested, passed, received, 1801vm, failed, small, confused, though, often, next, kr1801vm2, multiplication, 100, 120, binary, pdp11, qbus, doubling, constructive, standpoint, independent, beginning, chipsets, replacing, loads, exact, evolution, occurring, environment, until, couple, asics, paths, entirely, sets, evolved, east, evolve, companion, said, north, bridge, performs, following, dram, select, detection, errors, hamming, 555vgh1, reduced, therefore, jumpers, enable, disable, buffer, generate, differences, appear, last, stage, upper, etched, photolithography, metallic, aluminum, defines, electrical, circuit, identifies, 033, external, maskrom, instead, allowing, mask, programmable, pal, gal, stored, long, transferred, fab, regardless, structure, arrangement, uncommitted, arrays, metal, doped, regions, separate, insulated, polysilicon, covered, ready, devices, built, microcircuits, masked, 1801reх, 1801rr1, top, appeared, starting, isa, rapidly, update, wider, software, transition, 8086, 80286, relatively, seamless, user, 9324, remarked, marked, pqfp64, 9108, km1801vm3v, 9202, km1801vm3b, 9003, km1801vm3a, 9008, speeds, denoted, lack, thereof, packages, lqfp64, kn1801vm3, 75v, 52v, irq, 1801vm3v, 1801vm3b, 1801vm3a, upgraded, 900, migrated, fpu, turning, highest, operating, distinctive, feature, addressable, high, ability, connect, coprocessor, our, planar, unknown, unobtainable, mystery, forgotten, ones, actron, am1608, sandia, labs, sa3000, recent, posts, uncategorized, fun, gpu, categories, variety, sale, 68060, am2903, i3002, 2650, family, nsc800, expansions, rca, cosmac, contact, trade, home, 2000, 150, cpus, microcontrollers,

Text of the page (random words):
ilicon and a separate oxide insulated layer of polysilicon gates then all this is covered with an oxide layer base wafers are ready in this form the wafers can be stored for a long time or transferred to another fab all 1801vp1 xxx chips regardless of number have the same structure and arrangement of transistors and they are made on the same base wafers kr1801vp1 22 die differences between the chips appear only at the last stage of manufacturing in the upper oxide layer the die is etched by photolithography to access the required transistors and then form a metallic pattern from aluminum this pattern defines the electrical circuit the number in the marking identifies the purpose of the chip for example 1801vp1 033 is an external device controller this is similar to how a maskrom is made but instead of only memory elements it contains logic elements allowing for a custom ic to be made like a mask programmable pal gal kr1801vp1 119 the 1801vp1 119 is a companion chip for 1801vm3 it can be said to be the north bridge the 1801vp1 119 performs the following functions forms control signals for dram forms control signals for system sram generates signals to select system rom generates control signals for detection and correction of memory errors edc using hamming code 555vgh1 error correction circuits reduced performance by 10 15 therefore in some computers there were jumpers to enable disable the edc buffer data register control generate other signals this was the beginning of what would be come chipsets replacing loads of ttl with custom circuits the exact same evolution was occurring in the west with the pc environment until nearly all the support circuits were integrated into just a couple large asics its interesting to see the development paths of the soviet computers and the west while they were entirely different instruction sets they evolved in very much the same way east or west lsi 11 or x86 at the end of the day a computer is a computer and will evolve in similar fashion tags lsi 11 pdp 11 soviet posted in cpu of the day november 4th 2021 by admin the soviet 1801vm2 lsi 11 processor the soviet made 1801vm2 cpu a binary compatible implementation of the pdp11 instruction set and qbus interface was developed in 1982 the 1801vm2 is a further development of the earlier 1801vm1 doubling the original 5mhz clock speed from a constructive standpoint this cpu is a completely independent development 1801vm2 die 1983 dated 1801vm2 specifications number of processor instruction 72 manufacturing process 4 micron n channel silicon gate mos technology die size 5 3 5 35 mm transistor count 18 500 active transistors 120 000 integral elements clock rate up to 10 mhz performance for register based operations like addition up to 1 000 000 instruction s 1 mips for operations like multiplication up to 100 000 instructions s supply voltage 5v power consumption up to 1 7 w the case is 40 lead ceramic dip km1801vm2 or plastic dip kr1801vm2 a surface mount version was also made to increase noise immunity in comparison with 1801vm1 additional ground contacts were made for the address data bus the 1801vm2 was manufactured at two factories angstrem and solnechnogorsk electromechanical plant semz as was typical of the time speed grading was done by adding extra marking to the chips post testing its very easy to miss these if a chip was tested at 10mhz and passed it received no extra marking and was considered an 1801vm a if the device failed at 10mhz but ran at 8mhz a small dot was added to the package and was considered a grade b device this dot was not to be confused with the dot for the pin one marker though often placed next to it ceramic dip 1801vm2a angstrem 1989 no extra dot ceramic dip 1801vm2b angstrem 1987 note the extra dot in this case by the date code plastic dip 1801vm2a angstrem 1990 kn1801vm2 angstrem 1985 cqfp surface mount version image baator ceramic dip 1801vm2 solnechnogorsk electromechanical plant 1990 extra dot by pin 1 marker in comparison with 1801vm1 expanded arithmetic instructions mul div ash ashc part of a the set of pdp 11 eis and also operations from the floating point instruction set fis were added the fis instructions fadd fsub fmul fdiv are realized through subroutines when performing these instructions there is a special type of interrupt and the program handler in memory shadow system rom k1801re2 of the console mode is executed a firmware style of fis implementation as its not truly hardware the roms break down the fis instructions into something the 1801vm2 can execute during the design of the microprocessor a microcode error was made leading to a malfunction of the processor when reading with addressing method 17 mov pc r0 dvk 1 computer the 1801vm2 was the heart of a number models of dvk computer dvk was developed at the research institute of precision technology zelenograd just outside of moscow the first model dvk 1 was developed in 1981 and released in 1983 architecturally dvk copies mini computers from dec pdc 11 and pdp 11 by 1990 200 000 dvk computers of the nine different models were produced romashka word processor use of the processor continued well into the 1990 s the romashka belonged to the latest generation of electronic typewriters which in their functionality were close to computer text editors this typewriter made it possible to automatically format text set alignment change the spacing between characters and between lines use bold and underlined fonts etc and had an electronic memory of at least one page 3800 bytes in the west these half typewriter half computer were called word processors and were quite popular through the 1980 s the machine s control unit was a microcomputer based on the km1801vm2 processor romashka was produced by the kursk po schetmash in the first half of the 1990s electronics im 05 soviet chess computer contains 1801vm2 inside it was a continuation of the line of chess computers electronics produced by the svetlana association leningrad in 1984 the military grade microprocessor 1806vm2 was released this microprocessor functionally corresponds to the 1801vm2 but is made using cmos technology clock rate up to 5 mhz number of instructions 77 contains 134 636 integral elements power consumption up to 0 025w the 1806vm2 developers fixed the microcode bug present in 1801vm2 much to the relief or annoyance of programmers the 1806vm2 was supplied in a 42 lead dual in line ceramic package with flat leads n1806vm2 in a 64 lead cqfp the rhombus marking on the chips denotes a military grade device 1806vm2 angstrem 1991 in the nice pink flat pack n1806vm2 angstrem 1999 in a ceramic quad flat pack cqfp n1806bm2 on a ceramic substrate forming a military single board computer circa 1987 image baator these 1806vm2 are still being made by angstrem if you need to build a pdp 11 computer to run tetris on or repair a buran shuttle you may have laying around in 1990 a radiation hardened microprocessor was introduced compatible with the 1806vm2 known as the 1836vm2 n1836vm2 just like in other countries existing code base and known reliability are more of a driver of what the military industry uses than having the latest and greatest there are still mil std 1750a processors being made and used rad hard 8051s and 80186s and soviet pdp 11 processors right there with them photos of microprocessors from the collection of perfiliev andrey andreycpu article written originally by contributing author vladimir yakovlev edited by cpushack tags lsi 11 pdp 11 soviet posted in cpu of the day april 16th 2020 by admin dec m7260 kd11 a cpu the pdp 11 goes msi pdp 11 05 front panel pic from vintage_electron back in 1972 dec released the budget pdp 11 05 16 bit computer the original pdp 11 20 had been released 3 years before and its cpu the ka11 was based on simple ttl its alu could perform adds and that was all which meant its designers had to get creative in implementing the instruction set by 1972 however things had changed there still was no 16 bit processors available but there was now single chip 4 bit alu s the alu was the famous 74181 and formed the heart of the kd11 a dec s 4th processor design the third was the kb11 a which was similar but based on the faster 74s181 and used in the pdp 11 45 and released at the same time the kd11 a consisted of a pair of boards the m7260 data path module and the m7261 control logic and microprogram module all the processor functional components are contained on these modules the m7260 data path module contains data path logic processor status word logic auxiliary arithmetic logic unit control instruction register and decoding logic and serial communications line interface the m7261 control logic and microprogram module contains internal address detecting logic stack control logic unibus control logic priority arbitration logic unibus drivers and receivers microbranch logic microprogram counter control store logic power fail logic line clock and processor clock the m7260 was he brain and the m7261 told it what to do containing the microcode to implement the pdp 11 instruction set this was the first version with the 11 45 of the pdp 11 that was microcoded fairchild 934159 74181 msi 4 bit alu made on a bipolar this example from very early 1971 the kd11 a ran off a single 150ns clock resulting in a raw clock speed of 6 67mhz however performance was limited by memory access speed the pdp 11 05 supported up to 32k words 64kb of core memory and this memory could only run at a 980ns cycle time this limited the 11 05 performance to around 1mhz this was still quite good for 1972 the 74181 was capable of running at 42mhz and 90mhz for the 74s181 schottky ttl versions but in a set of 4 this drops to about 27mhz with the carry generator taking some time speed however is usually limited by other things rather then the alu itself the 74181 alu contains the equivalent of 62 logic gates 170 transistors and can perform 16 different arithmetic and logic functions on a pair of 4 bit inputs ken shirriff did an excellent die level analysis of a 181 thats worth reading it includes pretty pictures even dec m7260 data path for the kd11 b cpu dated july 1972 this particular kd11 a board is one of the very first made it is dated july 20th 1972 a month after the initial release of the 11 05 the big white chip is a general instruments ay 5 1012 uart to its right you can see thr 4 74181 alus each is 4 bit and together they form a complete 16 bit alu for the cpu a 74150 multiplexer helps determine what data goes where the 74182 is the look ahead carry generator for the 181 s most of the rest of the chips on the board are roms and supporting logic there is also 4 intel c3101a 35ns sram chips these are 16 4 srams used as scratch pad memories and only were used in the very first version of the cpu later versions replaced them with cheaper 7489 ttl versions the scratch pad memory is what forms the registers for the cpu there are 16 16 bit registers with the the first 6 r0 r5 being general purpose registers and the rest special purpose such as the program counter interrupt vector etc m7261 control module contains the microcode for the cpu pic from xlat livejournal com another interesting point on this board is the very large amount of green wires running on the board these are called eco wires which are engineering change order wires and are placed by hand after the board is made to correct faults in the board layout the goal is to not have these as they are expensive and delicate and can result in failures down the road so further revisions of the board would have these fixed implemented in the pcb you do not see these much at all any more as modern design testing tools virtually eliminate the possibility of a faulty pcb layout making it into production when it was released the 1mhz 11 05 cost 25 000 which in 2020 us dollars is around 154 000 the pdp 11 series ended up being one of the most popular minicomputers selling over 600 000 units over the years later versions like the lsi 11 series moved the entire cpu to a single lsi chip adding extended instructions floating point instructions faster memories and other performance enhancements well into the 1980 s it was also widely comied and enhanced in the soviet union and russia it was on a soviet pdp 11 clone that tetris was developed a game we are all rather familiar with its amazing to see where computers have come in the span of but a few decades but these important parts of history continue to be used perhaps not the 11 05 but there are many pdp 11 systems still working away typically inindustrial environments ironically helping produce things likely far more advanced then themselves tags 74181 dec lsi 11 pdp 11 posted in cpu of the day november 22nd 2017 by admin cpu of the day dec lsi 11 chipset lsi 11 chipset with eis fis chip 1976 1977 back in 2014 we discussed the western digital wd 9000 pascal microcomputer system today we ll look at the lsi 11 chip set the basis of the pascal back in 1974 dec digital equipment corporation contracted western digital to design and build a 16 bit chipset to emulate the bipolar pdp 11 05 minicomputer western digital was paid 6 3 million for the work and would be allowed to market and sell the resulting chipset themselves as well as grant license to it to others including dec the lsi 11 was to be a 16 bit chipset but was based around a 8 bit data chips the 1611 the 1611 has an 8 bit alu 26 8 bit registers and a microinstruction register this is controlled by the 1621 control chip which interprets macroinstructions from handles all the timing as well as interrupts the 1621 control chip is what allows the 8 bit 1611 to be used as a 16 bit processor the chips are connected by an 18 bit microinstruction bus and a 16 bit address data bus handles access to the rest of the system memory i o each microm is a 512 word by 22 bit rom which can hold 80 instructions it is these microms that allow the wd mcp1600 to function as a pdp 11 05 the instructions in the the microms 2 are required for the lsi 11 emulate the pdp 11 instructions dec m7264 lsi 11 kd11 l board from pdp 11 03 first production of the lsi 11 chipset began in march of 1975 with shipments commencing that year the pdp 11 03 based on this chipset was released later that year the kd 11 m7264 board formed the hear of the 11 03 as well as other dec systems in typical dec fashion it came in many flavors with different amounts of memory as well as different instruction support this was completely due to the design of the lsi 11 chipset and its microms the basic lsi 11 needs 2 microms to handle the basic pdp 11 instructions the chipset however supported 4 this means that more instructions could be added one of the most common and useful additions was the eis fis extended instruction set floating point instruction set microm this added 8 more instructions including mul div fadd fsub fmul fdiv and 2 register shifts ash ashc adding the eis fis chip to a standard...