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isk furlan frysk gaeilge galego گیلکی avañe ẽ gaelg עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ilokano íslenska italiano jawa ქართული адыгэбзэ kabɩyɛ қазақша 한국어 kurdî kernowek кыргызча latina ladino lingua franca nova limburgs ladin lombard lietuvių latviešu malagasy македонски മലയാളം монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी bahasa melayu mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی plattdüütsch नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål diné bizaad occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ papiamentu polski piemontèis پنجابی português runa simi română русский русиньскый sicilianu scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina soomaaliga shqip српски srpski seeltersk sunda svenska kiswahili தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย türkmençe tagalog toki pona türkçe татарча tatarça українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia ethnic group of central mexico and its civilization this article is about the aztec people and culture for the polity they established see aztec empire for other uses see aztec disambiguation aztec redirects here not to be confused with astec the aztec empire in 1519 within mesoamerica the aztecs a ˈ æ z t ɛ k s az teks were a mesoamerican civilization that flourished in central mexico from about 1300 to 1521 the aztec people included different ethnic groups of central mexico particularly those who spoke nahuatl aztec culture was organized into city states altepetl some of which joined to form alliances political confederations or empires the aztec empire was a confederation of three city states established in 1427 tenochtitlan the capital of mexica tetzcoco and tlacopan although the term aztecs 1 is often narrowly restricted to the mexica of tenochtitlan it is also broadly used to refer to nahua polities or peoples of central mexico in the pre hispanic era 2 as well as the spanish colonial era 1521 1821 3 most ethnic groups of central mexico in the post classic period shared essential cultural traits of mesoamerica 4 the culture of central mexico includes maize cultivation social division between nobility pipiltin and commoners macehualtin a pantheon and the calendric system 5 the mexica were late comers to the valley of mexico and founded the city state of tenochtitlan on unpromising islets in lake texcoco later becoming the dominant power of the aztec triple alliance or aztec empire which conquered other city states throughout mesoamerica it originated in 1427 as an alliance between the city states tenochtitlan texcoco and tlacopan to defeat the tepanec state of azcapotzalco which had previously dominated the valley soon texcoco and tlacopan were relegated to junior partnership in the alliance with tenochtitlan the dominant power the empire extended its reach by trade and military conquest it was never a true territorial empire controlling territory by military garrisons but rather dominated client city states by installing friendly rulers constructing marriage alliances between the ruling dynasties and extending an imperial ideology 6 client city states paid taxes not tribute 7 to the aztec emperor the huey tlatoani in an economic strategy limiting communication and trade between outlying polities making them dependent on the imperial center for luxury goods 8 the empire reached its maximum extent in 1519 just before the arrival of spanish conquistadors led by hernán cortés cortés allied with city states opposed to the mexica after the fall of tenochtitlan on 13 august 1521 and the capture of emperor cuauhtémoc the spanish founded mexico city on the ruins of tenochtitlan and proceeded with the colonization of the americas into the spanish empire 9 with the destruction of the superstructure of the aztec empire in 1521 the spanish used the city states to rule the indigenous populations via local nobles nobles acted as intermediaries to convey taxes and mobilize labor facilitating the establishment of spanish rule 10 aztec culture and history are primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of templo mayor in mexico city from indigenous writings eyewitness accounts by spanish conquistadors and 16th and 17th century descriptions of aztec culture and history written by spanish clergymen and aztecs such as the illustrated bilingual spanish and nahuatl florentine codex created by franciscan friar bernardino de sahagún with aztec informants important for knowledge of post conquest nahuas was the training of indigenous scribes to write alphabetic texts in nahuatl mainly for local purposes under spanish rule at its height aztec culture had rich philosophical mythological and religious traditions as well as remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments definitions aztec metal axe blades prior of the arrival of the european settlers see metallurgy in pre columbian mesoamerica large ceramic statue of an aztec eagle warrior the nahuatl words aztēcatl nahuatl pronunciation asˈteːkat͡ɬ singular 11 and aztēcah nahuatl pronunciation asˈteːkaʔ plural 11 mean people from aztlán 12 a mythical place of origin for several ethnic groups in central mexico the term was not used as an endonym by the aztecs themselves but it is found in the different migration accounts of the mexica where it describes the different tribes who left aztlan together in one account of the journey from aztlan huitzilopochtli the tutelary deity of the mexica tribe tells his followers on the journey that now no longer is your name azteca you are now mexitin mexica 13 in today s usage the term aztec often refers exclusively to the mexica people of tenochtitlan now the location of mexico city situated on an island in lake texcoco who referred to themselves as mēxihcah nahuatl pronunciation meːˈʃiʔkaʔ a tribal designation that included the tlatelolco tenochcah nahuatl pronunciation teˈnot͡ʃkaʔ referring only to the mexica of tenochtitlan excluding tlatelolco or cōlhuah nahuatl pronunciation ˈkoːlwaʔ referring to their royal genealogy tying them to culhuacan 14 15 nb 1 nb 2 sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of tenochtitlan s two principal allied city states the acolhuas of texcoco and the tepanecs of tlacopan who together with the mexica formed the triple alliance a state exerting control over the valley of mexico in a collective polity often known as the aztec empire the usage of the term aztec in describing the empire and its people has been criticized by robert h barlow who preferred the term culhua mexica in reference to the empire s people 14 16 and by pedro carrasco who prefers the term tenochca empire in reference to their state 17 carrasco writes about the term aztec that it is of no use for understanding the ethnic complexity of ancient mexico and for identifying the dominant element in the political entity we are studying 17 in other contexts aztec may refer to all the various city states and their peoples who shared large parts of their ethnic history and cultural traits with the mexica acolhua and tepanecs and who often also used the nahuatl language as a lingua franca an example is jerome a offner s law and politics in aztec texcoco 18 in this meaning it is possible to talk about an aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for most of the peoples inhabiting central mexico in the late postclassic period 19 such usage may also extend the term aztec to all the groups in central mexico that were incorporated culturally or politically into the sphere of dominance of the aztec empire 20 nb 3 when used to describe ethnic groups the term aztec refers to several nahuatl speaking peoples of central mexico in the postclassic period of mesoamerican chronology especially the mexica the ethnic group that had a leading role in establishing the hegemonic empire based at tenochtitlan the term extends to further ethnic groups associated with the aztec empire such as the acolhua the tepanec and others that were incorporated into the empire charles gibson enumerates many groups in central mexico that he includes in his study the aztecs under spanish rule 1964 these include the culhuaque cuitlahuaque mixquica xochimilca chalca tepaneca acolhuaque and mexica 21 in older usage the term was commonly used about modern nahuatl speaking ethnic groups as nahuatl was previously referred to as the aztec language in recent usage these ethnic groups are referred to as the nahua peoples 22 23 linguistically the term aztecan is still used about the branch of the uto aztecan languages also sometimes called the uto nahuan languages that includes the nahuatl language and its closest relatives pochutec and pipil 24 to the aztecs themselves the word aztec was not an endonym for any particular ethnic group rather it was an umbrella term used to refer to several ethnic groups not all of them nahuatl speaking that claimed heritage from the mythic place of origin aztlan alexander von humboldt originated the modern usage of aztec in 1810 as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade custom religion and language to the mexica state and the triple alliance in 1843 with the publication of the work of william h prescott on the history of the conquest of mexico the term was adopted by most of the world including 19th century mexican scholars who saw it as a way to distinguish present day mexicans from pre conquest mexicans this usage has been the subject of debate in more recent years but the term aztec is still more common 15 history main article history of the aztecs sources of knowledge see also aztec codex and spanish conquest of the aztec empire sources for the conquest of mesoamerica a page from the codex boturini depicting the departure from aztlán knowledge of aztec society rests on several different sources the many archeological remains of everything from temple pyramids to thatched huts can be used to understand many of the aspects of what the aztec world was like however archeologists often must rely on knowledge from other sources to interpret the historical context of artifacts there are many written texts by the indigenous people and spaniards of the early colonial period that contain invaluable information about pre colonial aztec history these texts provide insight into the political histories of various aztec city states and their ruling lineages such histories were produced as well in pictorial codices some of these manuscripts were entirely pictorial often with glyphs in the postconquest era many other texts were written in latin script by either literate aztecs or by spanish friars who interviewed the native people about their customs and stories an important pictorial and alphabetic text produced in the early sixteenth century was codex mendoza named after the first viceroy of mexico and perhaps commissioned by him to inform the spanish crown about the political and economic structure of the aztec empire it has information naming the polities that the triple alliance conquered the types of taxes rendered to the aztec empire and the class gender structure of their society 25 many written annals exist written by local nahua historians recording the histories of their polity these annals used pictorial histories and were subsequently transformed into alphabetic annals in latin script 26 well known native chroniclers and annalists are chimalpahin of amecameca chalco fernando alvarado tezozomoc of tenochtitlan alva ixtlilxochitl of texcoco juan bautista pomar of texcoco and diego muñoz camargo of tlaxcala there are also many accounts by spanish conquerors who participated in the spanish invasion such as bernal díaz del castillo who wrote a full history of the conquest spanish friars also produced documentation in chronicles and other types of accounts of key importance is toribio de benavente motolinia one of the first twelve franciscans arriving in mexico in 1524 another franciscan of great importance was fray juan de torquemada author of monarquia indiana dominican diego durán also wrote extensively about pre hispanic religion as well as the history of the mexica 27 an invaluable source of information about many aspects of aztec religious thought political and social structure as well as the history of the spanish conquest from the mexica viewpoint is the florentine codex produced between 1545 and 1576 in the form of an ethnographic encyclopedia written bilingually in spanish and nahuatl by franciscan friar bernardino de sahagún and indigenous informants and scribes it contains knowledge about many aspects of precolonial society from religion calendrics botany zoology trades and crafts and history 28 29 another source of knowledge is the cultures and customs of the contemporary nahuatl speakers who can often provide insights into what pre hispanic ways of life may have been like scholarly study of aztec civilization is most often based on scientific and multidisciplinary methodologies combining archeological knowledge with ethnohistorical and ethnographic information 30 central mexico in the classic and postclassic the valley of mexico with the locations of the main city states in 1519 it is a matter of debate whether the enormous city of teotihuacan was inhabited by speakers of nahuatl or whether nahuas had not yet arrived in central mexico in the classic period it is generally agreed that the nahua peoples were not indigenous to the highlands of central mexico but that they gradually migrated into the region from somewhere in northwestern mexico at the fall of teotihuacan in the 6th century ce some city states rose to power in central mexico some of them including cholula and xochicalco probably inhabited by nahuatl speakers one study has suggested that nahuas originally inhabited the bajío area around guanajuato which reached a population peak in the 6th century after which the population quickly diminished during a subsequent dry period this depopulation of the bajío coincided with an incursion of new populations into the valley of mexico which suggests that this marks the influx of nahuatl speakers into the region 31 these people populated central mexico dislocating speakers of oto manguean languages as they spread their political influence south as the former nomadic hunter gatherer peoples mixed with the complex civilizations of mesoamerica adopting religious and cultural practices the foundation for later aztec culture was laid after 900 ce during the postclassic period many sites almost certainly inhabited by nahuatl spea...
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