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on system the spanish pension system includes a wide variety of pensions including widow s pensions contributory pensions and non contributory pensions the widow s pension covers people who suffer the death of their spouse contributory pensions are transfers from the state that depend on the worker s previous contribution and vary according to the number of years worked and the worker s contribution non contributory pensions on the other hand have a welfare character and cover people for disability or retirement if they have not contributed enough to qualify for a contributory pension this public pension model is often supported by a private dimension formed by pension plans to which workers contribute a percentage of their salary during their working life to receive a larger pension during their retirement in spain the welfare state is considered to be very scarce and less developed especially compared to the european union average where social policies and the welfare state are strongly developed spain lags behind eu values in social protection spending measured both as a percentage of gdp and in absolute terms and in the proportion of adults working in state services 109 however public spending in general compared to the rest of the world is very high moreover the spanish welfare state is polarized which means that the higher income groups use private services especially in health and education while the lower income groups use public services the spanish state s low investment in public spending affects the quality of its services as for healthcare almost all healthcare competencies have been transferred from the state to the autonomous communities public health spending is below the average of the european union in 2020 it was around 8 of gdp or 1907 per capita while the european union average stood at 2 244 per capita 110 111 it is even more worrying when the spending figure is separated between what is invested in healthcare as such and what is invested in the pharmaceutical industry this ends up causing a great lack of resources and deficiencies in the spanish healthcare system such as long waiting lists even for life threatening operations scarce primary care etc these deficiencies have accentuated the polarization of the welfare state and have made the private sector acquire great importance in spanish healthcare becoming more similar to the healthcare systems in latin america than in europe education is another of the pillars that support the spanish welfare state but it also has a polarizing character in society the low state investment in public education has led to an increase in the number of private and charter schools that have greater resources and create inequality in basic compulsory education sub saharan africa edit main article social programs in sub saharan africa this section is empty you can help by adding to it july 2020 sweden edit main articles welfare in sweden social security in sweden and sv försörjningsstöd this section has an unclear citation style the references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting december 2021 learn how and when to remove this message social welfare in sweden is made up of several organizations and systems dealing with welfare it is mostly funded by taxes and executed by the public sector on all levels of government as well as private organizations it can be separated into three parts falling under three different ministries social welfare falling under the responsibility of ministry of health and social affairs education under the responsibility of the ministry of education and research and labor market under the responsibility of ministry of employment 112 government pension payments are financed through an 18 5 pension tax on all taxed incomes in the country which comes partly from a tax category called a public pension fee 7 on gross income and 30 of a tax category called employer fees on salaries which is 33 on a netted income since january 2001 the 18 5 is divided in two parts 16 goes to current payments and 2 5 goes into individual retirement accounts which were introduced in 2001 money saved and invested in government funds and iras for future pension costs are roughly five times annual government pension expenses 725 150 viewing swedish welfare more broadly it emerges as highly rated in many standard international comparisons of welfare or well being e g world economic forum 2020 113 however some nordic based welfare and gender researchers have argued that such assessments based on conventional welfare well being criteria may to some extent over privilege sweden and other nordic countries in terms of for instance gender and racial equality for example they suggest that if one takes a broader perspective on well being incorporating issues associated with bodily integrity or bodily citizenship pringle 2011 114 then some major forms of men s domination and or white privilege can be seen to still stubbornly persist in the nordic countries e g business violence to women sexual violence to children the military academia and religion hearn and pringle 2006 hearn et al 2018 pringle 2016 115 116 117 united kingdom edit main article welfare state in the united kingdom uk government welfare expenditure 2011 12 state pension 46 32 housing benefit 10 55 disability living allowance 7 87 pension credit 5 06 income support 4 31 rent rebates 3 43 attendance allowance 3 31 jobseeker s allowance 3 06 incapacity benefit 3 06 council tax benefit 3 other 10 03 118 the united kingdom has a long history of welfare notably including the english poor laws which date back to 1536 after various reforms to the program which involved workhouses it was eventually abolished and replaced with a modern system by laws such as the national assistance act 1948 11 12 geo 6 c 29 in more recent times comparing the cameron clegg coalition s austerity measures with the opposition s the financial times commentator martin wolf commented that the big shift from labour is the cuts in welfare benefits 119 the government s austerity programme which involves reduction in government policy has been linked to a rise in food banks a study published in the british medical journal in 2015 found that each one percentage point increase in the rate of jobseeker s allowance claimants sanctioned was associated with a 0 09 percentage point rise in food bank use 120 the austerity programme has faced opposition from disability rights groups for disproportionately affecting disabled people the bedroom tax is an austerity measure that has attracted particular criticism with activists arguing that two thirds of council houses affected by the policy are occupied with a person with a disability 121 united states edit main articles social programs in the united states poverty in the united states and history of poverty in the united states president roosevelt signs the social security act 14 august 1935 welfare in america in the united states depending on the context the term welfare can be used to refer to means tested cash benefits especially the aid to families with dependent children afdc program and its successor the temporary assistance for needy families block grants or it can be used to refer to all means tested programs that help individuals or families meet basic needs including for example health care through medicaid supplemental security income ssi benefits and food and nutrition programs snap it can also include social insurance programs such as unemployment insurance social security and medicare afdc originally called aid to dependent children was created during the great depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households the new deal employment program such as the works progress administration primarily served men prior to the new deal anti poverty programs were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments however these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the depression 122 in 1964 blacks comprised about 27 of the people in photographs in the three weekly news magazines by 1967 the proportion jumped to 72 123 causes of the shift were the civil rights movement and urban riots from the mid 1960s subsequently news media portrayed stereotypes of black people as lazy and undeserving and as welfare queens these shifts in media presentation did not necessarily reflect a decrease in the percentage of the population living in poverty 123 a chart showing the overall decline of average monthly welfare benefits afdc then tanf per recipient 1962 2006 in 2006 dollars 124 in 1996 the personal responsibility and work opportunity reconciliation act changed the structure of welfare payments and added new criteria to states that received welfare funding after reforms that president clinton said would end welfare as we know it 125 amounts from the federal government were given out in a flat rate per state based on population 126 each state must meet certain criteria to ensure recipients are being encouraged to work themselves out of welfare the new program is called temporary assistance for needy families tanf 127 128 it encourages states to require some sort of employment search in exchange for providing funds to individuals and imposes a five year lifetime limit on cash assistance 125 127 129 in fy 2010 31 8 of tanf families were white 31 9 were african american and 30 0 were hispanic 128 according to the u s census bureau data released 13 september 2011 the nation s poverty rate rose to 15 1 46 2 million in 2010 130 up from 14 3 approximately 43 6 million in 2009 and to its highest level since 1993 in 2008 13 2 39 8 million americans lived in relative poverty 131 in a 2011 op ed in forbes peter ferrara stated that the best estimate of the cost of the 185 federal means tested welfare programs for 2010 for the federal government alone is nearly 700 billion up a third since 2008 according to the heritage foundation counting state spending total welfare spending for 2010 reached nearly 900 billion up nearly one fourth since 2008 24 3 132 california with 12 of the u s population has one third of the nation s welfare recipients 133 the united states has also typically relied on charitable giving through non profit agencies and fundraising instead of direct monetary assistance from the government itself according to giving usa americans gave 358 38 billion to charity in 2014 this is rewarded by the united states government through tax credits for individuals and companies that are not typically seen in other countries since these per capita charity sums are much higher than in all other countries this means that private people and companies have a strong say in how social assistance is carried out this means that public funds in the form of unpaid taxes are distributed according to less professional less objective and less unbiased criteria than in all other countries effects edit main articles welfare s effect on poverty and criticisms of welfare see also welfare state effects the welfare to work intervention programme is unlikely to have any impacts on the mental and physical health of lone parents and children even when the employment and income rates were higher in this group of people the poverty rate was high which could lead to persistently high rates of depression whether they were in the programme or not 134 income transfers can be either conditional or unconditional conditionalities are sometimes criticized as being paternalistic and unnecessary and research in different contexts shows enforcing conditionalities can result in additional burdens for recipients and social service providers 135 a 2008 study by welfare economist and brown university professor allan m feldman 136 suggests that welfare can achieve both competitive equilibrium and pareto efficiency in the market 137 although different points of pareto efficiency are more fair to some than others 138 some opponents of welfare argue that it affects work incentives see also edit basic income contingencies fund corporate welfare democratic socialism economic social and cultural rights financing and benefit structure human poverty index human security list of countries by social progress index list of countries by social welfare spending parental leave poverty reduction social democracy social liberalism social policy social safety net four pillars geneva association welfare economics welfare fraud welfare rights welfare trap workfare welfarism notes edit except in the united states and canada where welfare refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people 3 4 in the united states it often refers to the temporary assistance for needy families program while social security is a specific social insurance program 5 6 everyone as a member of society has the right to social security and is entitled to realization through national effort and international co operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state of the economic social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family including food clothing housing and medical care and necessary social services and the right to security in the event of unemployment sickness disability widowhood old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control 15 references edit taxing wages 2024 taxing wages oecd publishing 2024 doi 10 1787 dbcbac85 en isbn 978 92 64 58888 2 issn 1995 3844 social welfare program encyclopedia britannica 4 september 2024 brown taylor kate 26 august 2016 how us welfare compares around the globe bbc news gilles séguin welfare canadian social research archived from the original on 4 may 2012 retrieved 10 february 2011 social security versus welfare differences and similarities e forms us archived from the original on 2020 11 29 retrieved 2020 07 16 social security and welfare what is the difference www get com archived from the original on 2023 03 07 retrieved 2020 07 16 1 2 david s weissbrodt connie de la vega 2007 international human rights law an introduction university of pennsylvania press p 130 isbn 978 0 8122 4032 0 walker robert 1 november 2004 social security and welfare concepts and comparisons concepts and comparisons mcgraw hill education uk p 4 isbn 978 0 335 20934 7 international labour standards on social security international labour organization frans pennings 1 january 2006 between soft and hard law the impact of international social security standards on national social security law kluwer law international b v pp 32 41 isbn 978 90 411 2491 3 j c vrooman 2009 rules of relief institutions of social security and their impact pdf netherlands institute for social research scp pp 111 126 1 2 3 4 5 th...
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