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o be part of the language group known as banzsl maritime sign language and south african sign language are also related to bsl 83 danish sign language and its descendants norwegian sign language and icelandic sign language are largely mutually intelligible with swedish sign language finnish sign language and portuguese sign language derive from swedish sl though with local admixture in the case of mutually unintelligible finnish sl clarification needed danish sl has french sl influence and wittmann 1991 places them in that family 82 though he proposes that swedish finnish and portuguese sl are instead related to british sign language swedish sign language family includes the following languages swedish sign language finnish sign language finland swedish sign language portuguese sign language eritrean sign language and the cape verdian sign language 84 85 86 87 although some reports also say that the são tomé and príncipe sign language is largely intelligible with portuguese sign 88 indian sign language isl is similar to pakistani sign language japanese sign language taiwanese sign language and korean sign language are thought to be members of a japanese sign language family 89 french sign language family there are a number of sign languages that emerged from french sign language lsf or are the result of language contact between local community sign languages and lsf these include french sign language italian sign language quebec sign language lsq american sign language irish sign language russian sign language dutch sign language ngt spanish sign language mexican sign language brazilian sign language libras catalan sign language ukrainian sign language austrian sign language along with its twin hungarian sign language and its offspring czech sign language and others a subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by american sign language asl or are regional varieties of asl bolivian sign language is sometimes considered a dialect of asl thai sign language is a mixed language derived from asl and the native sign languages of bangkok and chiang mai and may be considered part of the asl family others possibly influenced by asl include ugandan sign language kenyan sign language philippine sign language and malaysian sign language according to an sil report 90 the sign languages of russia moldova and ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language or distinct related languages the same report suggested a cluster of sign languages centered around czech sign language hungarian sign language and slovak sign language this group may also include romanian bulgarian and polish sign languages german sign language dgs gave rise to polish sign language it also at least strongly influenced israeli sign language though it is unclear whether the latter derives from dgs or from austrian sign language which is in the french family the southern dialect of chinese sign language gave rise to hong kong sign language used in hong kong and macau lyons sign language may be the source of flemish sign language vgt though this is unclear sign languages of jordan lebanon syria palestine and iraq and possibly saudi arabia may be part of a sprachbund or may be one dialect of a larger eastern arabic sign language known isolates include nicaraguan sign language turkish sign language armenian sign language kata kolok al sayyid bedouin sign language and providence island sign language the only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991 91 the classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of ethnologue that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference 93 wittmann classification of sign languages primary language primary group auxiliary language auxiliary group prototype a 94 5 1 7 2 prototype r 95 18 1 1 bsl derived 8 dgs derived 1 or 2 jsl derived 2 lsf derived 30 lsg derived 1 in his classification the author distinguishes between primary and auxiliary sign languages 96 as well as between single languages and names that are thought to refer to more than one language 97 the prototype a class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from any other language 94 prototype r languages are languages that are remotely modelled on a prototype a language in many cases thought to have been french sign language by a process kroeber 1940 called stimulus diffusion 95 the families of bsl dgs jsl lsf and possibly lsg were the products of creolization and relexification of prototype languages 98 creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in sign languages as compared to reducing overt morphology in spoken languages 99 use of sign languages in hearing communities edit on occasion where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community forming what is sometimes called a village sign language 100 or shared signing community 101 typically this happens in small tightly integrated communities with a closed gene pool famous examples include martha s vineyard sign language united states al sayyid bedouin sign language israel kata kolok bali adamorobe sign language ghana yucatec maya sign language mexico in such communities deaf people are generally well integrated in the general community and not socially disadvantaged so much so that it is difficult to speak of a separate deaf community 102 many australian aboriginal sign languages arose in a context of extensive speech taboos such as during mourning and initiation rites they are or were especially highly developed among the warlpiri warumungu dieri kaytetye arrernte and warlmanpa and are based on their respective spoken languages a sign language arose among tribes of american indians in the great plains region of north america see plains indian sign language before european contact it was used by hearing people to communicate among tribes with different spoken languages as well as by deaf people there are especially users today among the crow cheyenne and arapaho sign language is also used as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but have difficulties using their voices to speak 103 increasingly hearing schools and universities are expressing interest in incorporating sign language in the u s enrollment for asl american sign language classes as part of students choice of second language is on the rise 104 in new zealand one year after the passing of nzsl act 2006 in parliament a nzsl curriculum was released for schools to take nzsl as an optional subject the curriculum and teaching materials were designed to target intermediate schools from years 7 to 10 nz herald 2007 language endangerment and extinction edit as with any spoken language sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming endangered 105 for example a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users shift to a sign language used by a larger community as has happened with hawaiʻi sign language which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers 106 107 even nationally recognised sign languages can be endangered for example new zealand sign language is losing users 108 methods are being developed to assess the language vitality of sign languages 109 endangered sign languages adamorobe sign language adasl 110 ban khor sign language bksl 110 benkala sign language kk 110 finland swedish sign language finssl 111 hawaiʻi sign language hpsl 110 inuit sign language iur 112 jamaican country sign language ks 113 maritime sign language msl 110 old bangkok sign language obsl 110 old chiangmai sign language ocsl 110 plains indian sign language pisl 110 providencia sign language psl 110 extinct sign languages angami naga sign language henniker sign language martha s vineyard sign language mvsl old french sign language vlsf old kentish sign language oksl pitta pitta sign language plateau sign language rennellese sign language rsl sandy river valley sign language warluwarra sign language in society edit deaf communities and deaf culture edit main article deaf culture when deaf people constitute a relatively small proportion of the general population deaf communities often develop that are distinct from the surrounding hearing community 102 these deaf communities are very widespread in the world associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and throughout a nation and the cultures they have developed are very rich one example of sign language variation in the deaf community is black asl this sign language was developed in the black deaf community as a variant during the american era of segregation and racism where young black deaf students were forced to attend separate schools than their white deaf peers 114 legal recognition edit main article legal recognition of sign languages some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition while others have no status at all sarah batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for those with disabilities but as the communication medium of language communities 115 legal requirements covering sign language accessibility in media vary from country to country in the united kingdom the broadcasting act 1996 addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers 116 but has since been replaced by the communications act 2003 interpretation edit main article language interpretation sign language a polish sign language interpreter at the przystanek woodstock in 2017 in order to facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people sign language interpreters are often used such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter since sign languages are distinct natural languages with their own syntax different from any spoken language the interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country such as french sign language lsf and spoken french in france spanish sign language lse to spoken spanish in spain british sign language bsl and spoken english in the u k and american sign language asl and spoken english in the u s and most of anglophone canada since bsl and asl are distinct sign languages both used in english speaking countries etc sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired such as between lse and english are also available albeit less frequently video about access to cultural institutions in mexico with mexican sign language interpretation and captions in spanish sign language is sometimes provided for television programmes that include speech the signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen with the programme being broadcast full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner typically for press conferences such as those given by the mayor of new york city the signer appears to stage left or right of the public official to allow both the speaker and signer to be in frame at the same time live sign interpretation of important televised events is increasingly common but still an informal industry 117 in traditional analogue broadcasting some programmes are repeated outside main viewing hours with a signer present 118 some emerging television technologies allow the viewer to turn the signer on and off in a similar manner to subtitles and closed captioning 118 technology edit a deaf person using a remote vrs interpreter to communicate with a hearing person one of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when at t s videophone trademarked as the picturephone was introduced to the public at the 1964 new york world s fair two deaf users were able to freely communicate with each other between the fair and another city 119 however video communication did not become widely available until sufficient bandwidth for the high volume of video data became available in the early 2000s the internet now allows deaf people to talk via a video link either with a special purpose videophone designed for use with sign language or with off the shelf video services designed for use with broadband and an ordinary computer webcam the special videophones that are designed for sign language communication may provide better quality than off the shelf services and may use data compression methods specifically designed to maximize the intelligibility of sign languages some advanced equipment enables a person to remotely control the other person s video camera in order to zoom in and out or to point the camera better to understand the signing video interpreter sign used at vrs vri service locations main articles video remote interpreting and video relay service interpreters may be physically present with both parties to the conversation but since the technological advancements in the early 2000s provision of interpreters in remote locations has become available in video remote interpreting vri the two clients a sign language user and a hearing person who wish to communicate with each other are in one location and the interpreter is in another the interpreter communicates with the sign language user via a video telecommunications link and with the hearing person by an audio link vri can be used for situations in which no on site interpreters are available however vri cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone with video relay service vrs the sign language user the interpreter and the hearing person are in three separate locations thus allowing the two clients to talk to each other on the phone through the interpreter with recent developments in artificial intelligence in computer science some recent deep learning based machine translation algorithms have been developed which automatically translate short videos containing sign language directly to written language 120 sign language has been incorporated into film for example all movies shown in brazilian movie theaters must have a brazilian sign language video track available to play alongside the film via a second screen 121 122 sign union flag edit the sign union flag the sign union flag or the deaf flag was designed by arnaud balard after studying flags around the world and vexillology principles for two years balard revealed the design of the flag featuring the stylized outline of a hand the three colors which make up the flag design are representative of deafhood and humanity dark blue sign language turquoise and enlightenment and hope yellow balard intended the flag to be an international symbol which welcomes deaf people 123 communication systems similar to sign language edit there are a number of communica...
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