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ng dynamic attending theory intelligence iq learning music training on february 17 2017 by richard kunert leave a comment the curious effect of a musical rhythm on us do you know the feeling of a musical piece moving you what is this feeling one common answer by psychological researchers is that what you feel is your attention moving in sync with the music in a new paper i show that this explanation is mistaken watch the start of the following video and observe carefully what is happening in the first minute or so you may stop it after that noticed something nearly everyone in the audience moved to the rhythm clapping moving the head etc and you did you move i guess not you probably looked carefully at what people were doing instead your reaction illustrates nicely how musical rhythms affect people according to psychological researchers one very influential theory claims that your attention moves up and down in sync with the rhythm it treats the rhythm like you treated it it simply ignores the fact that most people love moving to the rhythm the theory a rhythm moves your attention sometimes we have gaps of attention sometimes we manage to concentrate really well for a brief moment a very influential theory which has been supported in various experiments claims that these fluctuations in attention are synced to the rhythm when hearing music attention is up at rhythmically salient moments e g the first beat in each bar and attention is down during rhythmically unimportant moments e g off beat moments this makes intuitive sense important tones e g those determining the harmonic key of a music piece tend to occur at rhythmically salient moments looking at language rhythm reveals a similar picture stressed syllables are important for understanding language and signal moments of rhythmic salience it makes sense to attend well during moments which include important information the test faster decisions and better learning i together with suzanne jongman asked whether attention really is up at rhythmically salient moments if so people should make decisions faster when a background rhythm has a moment of rhythmic importance as if people briefly concentrated better at that moment this is indeed what we found people are faster at judging whether a few letters on the screen are a real word or not if the letters are shown near a salient moment of a background rhythm compared to another moment however we went further people should also learn new words better if they are shown near a rhythmically salient moment this turned out not to be the case whether people have to memorise a new word at a moment when their attention is allegedly up or down according to a background rhythm does not matter learning is just as good what is more even those people who react really strongly to the background rhythm in terms of speeding up a decision at a rhythmically salient moment red square in figure below even those people do not learn new words better at the same time as they speed up it s as if the speed up of decisions is unrelated to the learning of new words that s weird because both tasks are known to be affected by attention this makes us doubt that a rhythm affects attention what could it affect instead figure 1 every dot is one of 60 participants how much a background rhythm sped up responses is shown horizontally how much the same rhythm at the same time facilitated pseudoword memorisation is shown on the vertical axis the red square singles out the people who were most affected by the rhythm in terms of their decision speed notice that at the same time their learning is unaffected by the rhythm the conclusion a rhythm does not move your attention it moves your muscles to our own surprise a musical rhythm appears not to affect how your attention moves up and down when your attentional lapses happen or when you can concentrate well instead it simply appears to affect how fast you can press a button e g when indicating a decision whether a few letters form a word or not thinking back to the video at the start i guess this just means that people love moving to the rhythm because the urge to do so is a direct consequence of understanding a rhythm somewhere in the auditory and motor parts of the brain rhythm processing happens however this has nothing to do with attention this is why learning a new word shown on the screen a task without an auditory or motor component is not affected by a background rhythm the paper the high point of my career you may read all of this yourself in the paper here i will have to admit that in many ways this paper is how i like to see science done and so i will shamelessly tell you of its merits the paper is not too long 7 500 words but includes no less than 4 experiments with no less than 60 participants each each experiment tests the research question individually however the experiments build on each other in such a way that their combination makes the overall paper stronger than any experiment individually ever could in terms of analyses we put in everything we could think of all analyses are bayesian subjective bayes factor and frequentist p values we report hypothesis testing analyses bayes factor p values and parameter estimation analyses effect sizes confidence intervals credible intervals if you can think of yet another analysis go for it we publish the raw data and analysis code alongside the article the most important reason why this paper represents my favoured approach to science though is because it actually tests a theory a theory i and my co author truly believed in a theory with a more than 30 year history with a varied supporting literature with a computational model implementation with more than 800 citations for two key papers with in short everything you could wish to see in a good theory and we falsified it instead of thinking of the learning task as insensitive or as a failed experiment we dug deeper and couldn t help but concluding that the attention theory of rhythm perception is probably wrong we actually learned something from our data ps no one is perfect and neither is this paper i wish we had pre registered at least one of the experiments i also wish the paper was open access see a free copy here there is room for improvement as always kunert r jongman sr 2017 entrainment to an auditory signal is attention involved journal of experimental psychology general 146 1 77 88 pmid 28054814 posted in music richard kunert uncategorized and tagged attention dynamic attending theory learning lexical decision task music rhythm word reading on january 9 2017 by richard kunert 2 comments how to write a nature style review nature reviews neuroscience is one of the foremost journals in neuroscience what do its articles look like how have they developed this blog post provides answers which might guide you in writing your own reviews read more than you used to reviews in nature reviews neuroscience cover more and more ground ten years ago 93 references were the norm now reviews average 150 references this might be an example of scientific reports in general having to contain more and more information so as not to be labelled premature incomplete or insufficient vale 2015 reviews in nrn include more and more references concentrate on the most recent literature nature reviews neuroscience is not the outlet for your history of neuroscience review only 22 of cited articles are more than 10 years old a full 17 of cited articles were published a mere two years prior to the review being published i e something like one year before the first draft of the review reached nature reviews neuroscience assuming a fast review process of 1 year focus on recent findings ignore historical contexts if at all give a historical background early on in your review references are given in order of first presentation in nature reviews neuroscience dividing this order in quarters allows us to reveal the age distribution of references in the quarter of the review where they are first mentioned as can be seen in the figure below the pressure for recency is less severe in the first quarter of your review it increases thereafter so if you want to take a risk and provide a historical context to your review do so early on ignore historical contexts especially later in your review q quarter in which reference first mentioned the change in reference age distributions of the different quarters of reviews is not easily visible therefore i fit a logarithmic model to the distributions notice dotted line in figure above and used its parameter estimates as a representation of how historical references are of course the average reference is not historical hence the negative values but notice how the parameter estimates become more negative in progressive quarters of the reviews history belongs at the beginning of a review ignore historical contexts especially later in your review the modeling outcome now find a topic and write that nature review neuroscience review what are you waiting for vale r 2015 accelerating scientific publication in biology proceedings of the national academy of sciences 112 44 13439 13446 doi 10 1073 pnas 1511912112 all the r code including the r markdown script used to generate this blog post is available at https github com rikunert nrnweb posted in richard kunert science and tagged reference reviews science on january 5 2017 by richard kunert 1 comment discovering a glaring error in a research paper a personal account new york magazine has published a great article about how grad student steven ludeke tried to correct mistakes in the research of pete hatemi and brad verhulst overall ludeke summarises his experience as not recommendable back in my undergraduate years i spotted an error in an article by david dematteo and did little to correct it why christian bale playing a non incarcerated american psycho david dematteo assistant professor in psychology at drexel university investigates psychopathy in 2010 i was a lowly undergraduate student and noticed a glaring mistake in one of his top ten publications which has now been cited 50 times according to google scholar the error the study investigated the characteristics of psychopaths who live among us the non incarcerated population how do these psychopaths manage to avoid prison dematteo et al 2006 measured their psychopathy in terms of personality features and in terms of overt behaviours participants exhibited the core personality features of psychopathy factor 1 to a greater extent than the core behavioral features of psychopathy factor 2 this finding may be helpful in explaining why many of the study participants despite having elevated levels of psychopathic characteristics have had no prior involvement with the criminal justice system p 142 the glaring mistake in this publication is that factor 2 scores at 7 1 the behavioural features of psychopathy are actually higher than the factor 1 scores at 5 2 the personality features of psychopathy the numbers tell the exactly opposite story to the words the error in short the numbers obviously do not match up with the statement the numbers are given twice in the paper making a typo unlikely p 138 and p 139 adjusting the scores for the maxima of the scales that they are from factor 1 x x_max 0 325 factor 2 x x_max 0 394 or the sample maximum factor 1 x x_max_obtained 0 433 factor 2 x x_max_obtained 0 44375 makes no difference no outlier rejection is mentioned in the paper in sum it appears as if dematteo and his co authors interpret their numbers in a way which makes intuitive sense but which is in direct contradiction to their own data when researchers disagree with their own data we have a real problem the reaction 1 self doubt i consulted with my professor the late paddy o donnel who confirmed the glaring mistake 2 contact the author i contacted dematteo in 2010 but his e mail response was evasive and did nothing to resolve the issue i have contacted him again inviting him to react to this post 3 check others reactions i found three publications which cited dematteo et al s article rucevic 2010 gao raine 2010 ullrich et al 2008 and simply ignored the contradictory numbers they went with the story that community dwelling psychopaths show psychopathic personalities more than psychopathic behaviours even though the data in the article favours the exactly opposite conclusion 4 realising my predicament at this point i realised my options either i pursued this full force while finishing a degree and afterwards moving on to my master s in a different country or i let it go i had a suspicion which ludeke s story in new york magazine confirmed in these situations one has much to lose and little to gain pursuing a mistake in the research literature is clearly a bad choice according to ludeke the current situation and now this blog post detailing my experience why well on the one hand i have very little to lose from a disagreement with dematteo as i certainly don t want a career in law psychology research and perhaps not even in research in general the balance went from little to gain much to lose to little to gain little to lose on the other hand following my recent blog posts and article kunert 2016 about the replication crisis in psychology i have come to the conclusion that science cynicism is not the way forward so i finally went fully transparent i am not particularly happy with how i handled this whole affair i have zero documentation of my contact with dematteo so expect his word to stand against mine soon i also feel i should have taken a risk earlier in exposing this but then i used to be passionate about science and wanted a career in it i didn t want to make enemies before i had even started my master s degree in short only once i stopped caring about my career in science did i find the space to care about science itself dematteo d heilbrun k marczyk g 2006 an empirical investigation of psychopathy in a noninstitutionalized and noncriminal sample behavioral sciences the law 24 2 133 146 doi 10 1002 bsl 667 gao y raine a 2010 successful and unsuccessful psychopaths a neurobiological model behavioral sciences the law doi 10 1002 bsl 924 kunert r 2016 internal conceptual replications do not increase independent replication success psychonomic bulletin review doi 10 3758 s13423 016 1030 9 rucević s 2010 psychopathic personality traits and delinquent and risky sexual behaviors in croatian sample of non referred boys and girls law and human behavior 34 5 379 91 pmid 19728057 ullrich s farrington d coid j 2008 psychopathic personality traits and life success personality and individual differences 44 5 1162 1171 doi 10 1016 j paid 2007 11 008 update 16 11 2016 corrected numerical typo in sentence beginning adjusting the scores for the maxima pointed out to me by tom foulsham via twitter tomfoulsh posted in richard kunert science uncategorized and tagged crime error law psychpathy replicability replication science ...
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