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matter is eternal but it later introduced the concept of a non creator god 336 337 338 the yoga school of hinduism accepted the concept of a personal god and left it to the hindu to define their god 339 advaita vedanta taught a monistic abstract self and oneness in everything with no room for gods or deity a perspective that mohanty calls spiritual not religious 340 bhakti sub schools of vedanta taught a creator god that is distinct from each human being 307 ardhanarishvara showing both feminine and masculine aspect of god in hinduism god in hinduism is often represented having both the feminine and masculine aspects the notion of the feminine in deity is much more pronounced and is evident in the pairings of shiva with parvati ardhanarishvara vishnu accompanied by lakshmi radha with krishna and sita with rama 341 according to graham schweig hinduism has the strongest presence of the divine feminine in world religion from ancient times to the present 342 the goddess is viewed as the heart of the most esoteric saiva traditions 343 authority authority and eternal truths play an important role in hinduism 344 religious traditions and truths are believed to be contained in its sacred texts which are accessed and taught by sages gurus saints or avatars 344 but there is also a strong tradition of the questioning of authority internal debate and challenging of religious texts in hinduism the hindus believe that this deepens the understanding of the eternal truths and further develops the tradition authority was mediated through an intellectual culture that tended to develop ideas collaboratively and according to the shared logic of natural reason 344 narratives in the upanishads present characters questioning persons of authority 344 the kena upanishad repeatedly asks kena by what power something is the case 344 the katha upanishad and bhagavad gita present narratives where the student criticises the teacher s inferior answers 344 in the shiva purana shiva questions vishnu and brahma 344 doubt plays a repeated role in the mahabharata 344 jayadeva s gita govinda presents criticism via radha 344 titles such as guru acharya or mahacharya may be used to remark authority in hindu and yogic traditions citation needed practices practices in hinduism include worship at home at temples and at sacred places such as rivers mountains etc the underpinning of hindu worship is bhakti or loving devotion to god worship includes practices such as puja arti and havan 345 main articles puja hinduism arti hinduism abhisheka japa havan yajna and hindu wedding rituals at home a wedding is the most extensive personal ritual an adult hindu undertakes in their life a typical hindu wedding is solemnised before vedic fire ritual shown 346 most hindus observe religious rituals at home 347 the rituals vary greatly among regions villages and individuals they are not mandatory in hinduism the nature and place of rituals is an individual s choice some devout hindus perform daily rituals such as worshiping at dawn after bathing usually at a family shrine and typically includes lighting a lamp and offering foodstuffs before the images of deities recitation from religious scripts singing bhajans devotional hymns yoga meditation chanting mantras and others 348 yajna vedic rituals of fire oblation yajna and chanting of vedic hymns are observed on special occasions such as a hindu wedding 349 other major life stage events such as rituals after death include the yajña and chanting of vedic mantras web 13 the words of the mantras are themselves sacred 350 and do not constitute linguistic utterances 351 instead as klostermaier notes in their application in vedic rituals they become magical sounds means to an end note 26 in the brahmanical perspective the sounds have their own meaning mantras are considered primordial rhythms of creation preceding the forms to which they refer 351 by reciting them the cosmos is regenerated by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base as long as the purity of the sounds is preserved the recitation of the mantras will be efficacious irrespective of whether their discursive meaning is understood by human beings 351 333 sādhanā main article sādhanā sādhanā is derived from the root sādh meaning to accomplish and denotes a means for the realisation of spiritual goals although different denominations of hinduism have their own particular notions of sādhana they share the feature of liberation from bondage they differ on what causes bondage how one can become free of that bondage and who or what can lead one on that path 352 353 life cycle rites of passage main article saṃskāra major life stage milestones are celebrated as sanskara saṃskāra rites of passage in hinduism 354 355 the rites of passage are not mandatory and vary in details by gender community and regionally 356 gautama dharmasutras composed in about the middle of 1st millennium bce lists 48 sanskaras 357 while gryhasutra and other texts composed centuries later list between 12 and 16 sanskaras 354 358 the list of sanskaras in hinduism include both external rituals such as those marking a baby s birth and a baby s name giving ceremony as well as inner rites of resolutions and ethics such as compassion towards all living beings and positive attitude 357 the major traditional rites of passage in hinduism include 356 garbhadhana pregnancy pumsavana rite before the fetus begins moving and kicking in womb simantonnayana parting of pregnant woman s hair baby shower jatakarman rite celebrating the new born baby namakarana naming the child nishkramana baby s first outing from home into the world annaprashana baby s first feeding of solid food chudakarana baby s first haircut tonsure karnavedha ear piercing vidyarambha baby s start with knowledge upanayana entry into a school rite 359 360 keshanta and ritusuddhi first shave for boys menarche for girls samavartana graduation ceremony vivaha wedding vratas fasting spiritual studies and antyeshti cremation for an adult burial for a child 361 in contemporary times there is regional variation among hindus as to which of these sanskaras are observed in some cases additional regional rites of passage such as śrāddha ritual of feeding people after cremation are practised 356 362 bhakti worship main articles bhakti puja hinduism japa mantra and bhajan a home shrine with offerings at a regional vishu festival left a priest in a temple right bhakti refers to devotion participation in and the love of a personal god or a representational god by a devotee web 14 363 bhakti marga is considered in hinduism to be one of many possible paths of spirituality and alternative means to moksha 364 the other paths left to the choice of a hindu are jnana marga path of knowledge karma marga path of works rāja marga path of contemplation and meditation 365 366 bhakti is practised in a number of ways ranging from reciting mantras japas incantations to individual private prayers in one s home shrine 367 or in a temple before a murti or sacred image of a deity 368 369 hindu temples and domestic altars are important elements of worship in contemporary theistic hinduism 370 while many visit a temple on special occasions most offer daily prayers at a domestic altar typically a dedicated part of the home that includes sacred images of deities or gurus 370 one form of daily worship is aarati or supplication a ritual in which a flame is offered and accompanied by a song of praise 371 notable aaratis include om jai jagdish hare a hindi prayer to vishnu and sukhakarta dukhaharta a marathi prayer to ganesha 372 373 aarti can be used to make offerings to entities ranging from deities to human exemplar s 371 for instance aarti is offered to hanuman a devotee of god in many temples where the primary deity is an incarnation of vishnu 374 in swaminarayan temples and home shrines aarati is offered to swaminarayan considered by followers to be supreme god 375 other personal and community practices include puja as well as aarati 376 kirtan or bhajan where devotional verses and hymns are read or poems are sung by a group of devotees web 15 377 while the choice of the deity is at the discretion of the hindu the most observed traditions of hindu devotion include vaishnavism shaivism and shaktism 378 a hindu may worship multiple deities all as henotheistic manifestations of the same ultimate reality cosmic spirit and absolute spiritual concept called brahman 379 380 320 bhakti marga states pechelis is more than ritual devotionalism it includes practices and spiritual activities aimed at refining one s state of mind knowing god participating in god and internalising god 381 382 while bhakti practices are popular and easily observable aspect of hinduism not all hindus practice bhakti or believe in god with attributes saguna brahman 383 384 concurrent hindu practices include a belief in god without attributes nirguna brahman and god within oneself 385 386 festivals main article list of hindu festivals the festival of lights diwali is celebrated by hindus all over the world holi being celebrated at the sri sri radha krishna temple in utah united states hindus celebrating ganesh chaturti in hyderabad india hindu festivals sanskrit utsava literally to lift higher are ceremonies that weave individual and social life to dharma 387 388 hinduism has many festivals throughout the year where the dates are set by the lunisolar hindu calendar many coinciding with either the full moon holi or the new moon diwali often with seasonal changes 389 some festivals are found only regionally and they celebrate local traditions while a few such as holi and diwali are pan hindu 389 390 the festivals typically celebrate events from hinduism connoting spiritual themes and celebrating aspects of human relationships such as the sister brother bond over the raksha bandhan or bhai dooj festival 388 391 the same festival sometimes marks different stories depending on the hindu denomination and the celebrations incorporate regional themes traditional agriculture local arts family get togethers puja rituals and feasts 387 392 some major regional or pan hindu festivals include ashadhi ekadashi bonalu chhath dashain diwali or tihar or deepawali durga puja dussehra ganesh chaturthi gowri habba gudi padwa holi karva chauth kartika purnima krishna janmashtami maha shivaratri makar sankranti navaratri onam pongal radhashtami raksha bandhan rama navami ratha yatra sharad purnima shigmo thaipusam ugadi vasant panchami vishu pilgrimage see also tirtha hinduism tirtha locations and yatra many adherents undertake pilgrimages which have historically been an important part of hinduism and remain so today 393 pilgrimage sites are called tirtha kshetra gopitha or mahalaya 394 395 the process or journey associated with tirtha is called tirtha yatra 396 according to the hindu text skanda purana tirtha are of three kinds jangam tirtha is to a place movable of a sadhu a rishi a guru sthawar tirtha is to a place immovable like benaras haridwar mount kailash holy rivers while manas tirtha is to a place of mind of truth charity patience compassion soft speech self 397 398 tīrtha yatra is states knut a jacobsen anything that has a salvific value to a hindu and includes pilgrimage sites such as mountains or forests or seashore or rivers or ponds as well as virtues actions studies or state of mind 399 400 pilgrimage sites of hinduism are mentioned in the epic mahabharata and the puranas 401 402 most puranas include large sections on tirtha mahatmya along with tourist guides 403 which describe sacred sites and places to visit 404 405 406 in these texts varanasi benares kashi rameswaram kanchipuram dwarka puri haridwar sri rangam vrindavan ayodhya tirupati mayapur nathdwara twelve jyotirlinga and shakti pitha have been mentioned as particularly holy sites along with geographies where major rivers meet sangam or join the sea 407 402 kumbh mela is another major pilgrimage on the eve of the solar festival makar sankranti this pilgrimage rotates at a gap of three years among four sites prayagraj at the confluence of the ganges and yamuna rivers haridwar near source of the ganges ujjain on the shipra river and nashik on the bank of the godavari river 408 this is one of world s largest mass pilgrimage with an estimated 40 to 100 million people attending the event 408 409 web 16 at this event they say a prayer to the sun and bathe in the river 408 a tradition attributed to adi shankara 410 kedar ghat a bathing place for pilgrims on the ganges at varanasi some pilgrimages are part of a vrata vow which a hindu may make for a number of reasons 411 412 it may mark a special occasion such as the birth of a baby or as part of a rite of passage such as a baby s first haircut or after healing from a sickness 413 414 it may also be the result of prayers answered 413 an alternative reason for tirtha for some hindus is to respect wishes or in memory of a beloved person after their death 413 this may include dispersing their cremation ashes in a tirtha region in a stream river or sea to honour the wishes of the dead the journey to a tirtha assert some hindu texts helps one overcome the sorrow of the loss 413 note 27 other reasons for a tirtha in hinduism is to rejuvenate or gain spiritual merit by travelling to famed temples or bathe in rivers such as the ganges 417 418 419 tirtha has been one of the recommended means of addressing remorse and to perform penance for unintentional errors and intentional sins in the hindu tradition 420 421 the proper procedure for a pilgrimage is widely discussed in hindu texts 422 the most accepted view is that the greatest austerity comes from travelling on foot or part of the journey is on foot and that the use of a conveyance is only acceptable if the pilgrimage is otherwise impossible 423 culture the term hindu culture refers to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion such as festivals and dress codes followed by the hindus which is mainly can be inspired from the culture of india and southeast asia architecture hindu architecture is the traditional system of indian architecture for structures such as temples monasteries statues homes market places gardens and town planning as described in hindu texts 424 425 the architectural guidelines survive in sanskrit manuscripts and in some cases also in other regional languages these texts include the vastu shastras shilpa shastras the brihat samhita architectural portions of the puranas and the agamas and regional texts such as the manasara among others 426 427 by far the most important characteristic and numerous surviving examples of hindu architecture are hindu temples with an architectural tradition that has left surviving examples in stone brick and rock cut architecture dating back to the gupta empire these architectures had influence of ancient persian and hellenistic architecture 428 far fewer works of secular hindu architecture have survived ...
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