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print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikibooks wikiquote wikisource wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia biblical principles relating to ethics and worship for other uses see ten commandments disambiguation decalogue redirects here for other uses see decalogue disambiguation this 1768 parchment by jekuthiel sofer emulated the 1675 ten commandments at the amsterdam esnoga synagogue part of a series on the ten commandments i am the l ord thy god no other gods before me no graven images or likenesses not take the l ord s name in vain remember the sabbath day honour thy father and thy mother thou shalt not kill thou shalt not commit adultery thou shalt not steal thou shalt not bear false witness thou shalt not covet related articles tablets of stone ritual decalogue finger of god moses ark of the covenant mount sinai in catholic theology v t e the ten commandments biblical hebrew עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת romanized ʿăśéreṯ had dibbərôṯ lit the ten words also called the decalogue from latin decalogus from ancient greek δεκάλογος dekálogos lit ten words are religious and ethical directives structured as a covenant document that according to the hebrew bible were given by god to moses the text of the ten commandments appears in three markedly distinct versions in the hebrew bible 1 at exodus 20 1 17 deuteronomy 5 6 21 and the ritual decalogue of exodus 34 11 26 the biblical narrative describes how god revealed the ten commandments to the israelites at mount sinai amidst thunder and fire gave moses two stone tablets inscribed with the law which he later broke in anger after witnessing the worship of a golden calf and then received a second set of tablets to be placed in the ark of the covenant scholars have proposed a range of dates and contexts for the origins of the decalogue 2 interpretations of its content vary widely reflecting debates over its legal political and theological development its relation to ancient treaty forms and differing views on authorship and emphasis on ritual versus ethics different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of exodus 20 1 17 and deuteronomy 5 4 21 into ten commandments in distinct ways often influenced by theological or mnemonic priorities despite the presence of more than ten imperative statements in the texts the ten commandments are the foundational core of jewish law halakha connecting and supporting all other commandments and guiding jewish ritual and ethics most christian traditions regard the ten commandments as divinely authoritative and foundational to moral life though they differ in interpretation emphasis and application within their theological frameworks the quran presents the ten commandments given to moses as moral and legal guidance focused on monotheism justice and righteousness paralleling but differing slightly from the biblical version interpretive differences arise from varying religious traditions translations and cultural contexts affecting sabbath observance prohibitions on killing and theft views on idolatry and definitions of adultery in the united states they have remained a contentious symbol in public spaces and schools with debates intensifying through the 20th and 21st centuries and culminating in laws in the 2020s in texas louisiana and arkansas mandating their display laws now facing legal challenges over separation of church and state the ten commandments have been depicted or referenced in various media including two major films by cecil b demille the polish series dekalog the american comedy the ten multiple musicals and films and a satirical scene in mel brooks s history of the world part i terminology edit part of the all souls deuteronomy containing the oldest extant copy of the decalogue it is dated to the early herodian period between 30 and 1 bce the term ten commandments originates in several places in the torah exodus 34 28 3 deuteronomy 4 13 4 and deuteronomy 10 4 5 in all sources the phrase is translatable as the ten words the ten sayings or the ten matters 6 in mishnaic hebrew they are called עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת ʿăśéreṯ had dibbərôṯ a precise equivalent a in the septuagint the 2nd 3rd bc century greek translation of the hebrew bible the phrase was translated as δεκάλογος dekálogos or ten word this greek word became decalogus in latin which entered the english language as decalogue providing an alternative name for the ten commandments 7 the tyndale and coverdale english christian biblical translations used ten verses the geneva bible used ten commandments whose convention was followed by the bishops bible and the authorized version the king james version most major english versions henceforth have used the word commandments 3 additional citation s needed the stone tablets as opposed to the ten commandments inscribed on them are called לוּחוֹת הַבְּרִית lūḥôṯ hab bərîṯ tablets of the covenant or לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת lūḥôṯ hā ʿəḏūṯ tablets of the testimony biblical narrative edit 1896 illustration depicting moses receiving the commandments the biblical narrative of the revelation at sinai begins in exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of israel at mount sinai also called horeb on the morning of the third day of their encampment there were thunders and lightnings and a thick cloud upon the mount and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud and the people assembled at the base of the mount after the l ord 8 came down upon mount sinai moses went up briefly and returned to prepare the people and then in exodus 20 god spoke to all the people the words of the covenant that is the ten commandments 9 as it is written modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether exodus 19 20 describes the people of israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue or whether the laws are only passed to them through moses 10 the people were afraid to hear more and moved afar off and moses responded with fear not nevertheless he drew near the thick darkness where the presence of the lord was 11 to hear the additional statutes and judgments 12 all which he wrote 13 in the book of the covenant 14 which he read to the people the next morning and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the l ord had said moses escorted a select group consisting of aaron nadab and abihu and seventy of the elders of israel to a location on the mount where they worshipped afar off 15 and they saw the god of israel above a paved work like clear sapphire stone 16 and the l ord said unto moses come up to me into the mount and be there and i will give thee tablets of stone and a law and commandments which i have written that thou mayest teach them 13 and moses rose up and his minister joshua and moses went up into the mount of god first mention of the tablets in exodus 24 12 13 the mount was covered by the cloud for six days and on the seventh day moses went into the midst of the cloud and was in the mount forty days and forty nights 17 and moses said the l ord delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of god and on them was written according to all the words which the l ord spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly 18 before the full forty days expired the children of israel collectively decided that something had happened to moses and compelled aaron to fashion a golden calf and he built an altar before it 19 and the people worshipped the calf 20 moses breaking the tablets of the law 1659 by rembrandt after the full forty days moses came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone and it came to pass as soon as he came nigh unto the camp that he saw the calf and the dancing and moses anger waxed hot and he cast the tablets out of his hands and brake them beneath the mount 21 after the events in chapters 32 and 33 the l ord told moses hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first and i will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets which thou brakest 22 and he wrote on the tablets according to the first writing the ten commandments which the l ord spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly and the l ord gave them unto me 23 these tablets were later placed in the ark of the covenant 24 commandments text and numbering edit religious traditions edit surviving hebrew manuscripts from before the seventh century such as the dead sea scrolls format the text of the commandments as a single seamless flow of prose together with its context 25 the commandments begin in the first rightmost column on the bottom line at the third word from the right אנוכי יהוה אלוהיך אשר i am the lord your god who they continue through to the end of the third column from the right שורו וחמרו וכול אשר לרעך his ox his donkey or anything which is your neighbour s while there are occasionally large gaps between words which seem to be to justify the shape of the column they cannot be closed portion breaks because they are found in grammatically nonsensical places such in the third column on the second line כמוך וזכרתה כי עבד היית בארץ מצרים ויציאך like you remember that you were a slave in the land of egypt and he removed you from the last such space to the end includes nearly half the commands together everything from למען יאריכון ימיך so that your days will be prolonged until the end since the text elaborates on some commands more than others it contains far more than ten grammatical sentences due to this the originally intended way of grouping them into ten enumerable commands is not obvious from the text itself since then various traditions have emerged which divide the same text into ten in different ways by the tenth century the masoretic text had established consistent formatting for the hebrew text which has closed portion breaks similar in appearance to a tab character in the middle of a line that correspond to the lutheran divisions in the chart below 26 translations into other languages both before and after the masoretic text are generally arranged on the page according to the style of the target language without preserving the layout of whatever hebrew they are working from so for example modern english bible translations tend to arrange the text into the familiar notion of paragraphs and two different translators may put paragraph breaks in different places with or without attempting to satisfy the number ten different religious traditions categorize the seventeen verses of exodus 20 1 17 27 and their parallels in deuteronomy 5 4 21 28 into ten commandments in different ways as shown in the table some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology 29 30 note place the cursor over the symbol keys in the upper left of the table below to reveal the full name e g lxx is the septuagint the ten commandments lxx p r t s a c l commandment kjv exodus 20 1 17 deuteronomy 5 4 21 verses text verses text 0 1 1 i am the lord thy god 2 31 6 31 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 thou shalt have no other gods before me 3 32 7 32 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4 6 33 8 10 33 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 thou shalt not take the name of the lord thy god in vain 7 34 11 34 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 remember the sabbath day to keep it holy 8 11 35 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 observe the sabbath day to keep it holy 12 15 36 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 honour thy father and thy mother 12 37 16 38 6 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 thou shalt not murder 13 39 17 39 7 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 thou shalt not commit adultery 14 40 18 41 8 7 8 8 7 7 7 7 thou shalt not steal 15 42 19 43 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 44 20 45 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 9 thou shalt not covet thy neighbour s house 17a 46 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 9 thou shalt not desire thy neighbour s house 21b 47 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 10 thou shalt not covet thy neighbour s wife 17b 48 21a 49 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 or his slaves or his animals or anything of thy neighbour 17c 50 21c 51 10 you shall set up these stones which i command you today on mount ārgarizem 13d 52 53 17d 52 54 categorization edit see also textual variants in the book of exodus exodus 20 textual variants in the book of exodus exodus 34 and textual variants in the hebrew bible deuteronomy 5 there are two major approaches to categorizing the commandments one approach distinguishes the prohibition against other gods verse 3 from the prohibition against images verses 4 6 lxx septuagint 3rd century bc generally followed by eastern orthodox christians r reformed christians follow calvin s institutes 1536 which follows the septuagint this system is also in the anglican book of common prayer 55 another approach combines verses 3 6 the prohibition against images and the prohibition against other gods into a single command while still maintaining ten commandments samaritan and jewish traditions include another commandment whereas christian traditions will divide coveting the neighbor s wife and house p the works of philo are mostly allegorical interpretations of the torah known in the hellenic world as the ashburnham pentateuch but also include histories and comments on philosophy t jewish talmud c 200 ad makes the prologue the first saying or matter s samaritan pentateuch c 120 bc contains additional instruction to moses about making a sacrifice to yahweh which samaritans regard as the 10th commandment a augustine 4th century combines verses 3 6 into a single commandment similar to the grouping found in the talmud but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting into two commandments following the word order of deuteronomy 5 21 rather than exodus 20 17 c catholicism largely follows augustine which was reiterated in the catechism of the catholic church 1992 changing the sabbath into the lord s day and dividing exodus 20 17 prohibiting covetousness into two commandments in order to fulfill the number 10 l lutherans follow luther s large catechism 1529 which follows augustine and catholic tradition but subordinates the prohibition of images to the sovereignty of god in the first commandment 56 and uses the word order of exodus 20 17 rather than deuteronomy 5 21 for the ninth and tenth commandments religious interpretations edit the ten commandments are written with room for varying interpretation reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles 30 57 58 59 they are not as explicit 57 or as detailed as rules 60 or as many other biblical laws and commandments because they provide guiding principles that apply universally across changing circumstances they do specify severe punishments for their violation their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation 60 the bible indicates the special status of the ten commandments among all other torah laws in several ways they have a uniquely terse style 61 of all the biblical laws and commandments the ten commandments alone 61 are said to have been written ...
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