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rytelling religious traditions and also daily functions such as the beginning of a new day 140 taonga pūoro fall into two areas melodic instruments such as the flute and rhythmic instruments such as poi balls of dried flax on string that are swung and tapped 141 prominent māori music artists and groups include stan walker maisey rika young sid william singe teeks ria hall rob ruha pieter t citation needed alien weaponry sons of zion 1814 citation needed and maimoa stan walker maisey rika teeks young sid ria hall literature and media see also new zealand art prehistoric art and new zealand art traditional māori art like other cultures oral folklore was used by māori to preserve their stories and beliefs through many centuries in the 19th century european style literacy was brought to the māori which led to māori history documentation in books novels and later television māori language use began to decline in the 20th century with english as the language through which māori literature became widespread notable māori novelists include patricia grace witi ihimaera and alan duff once were warriors a 1994 film adapted from a 1990 novel of the same name by alan duff brought the plight of some urban māori to a wide audience it was the highest grossing film in new zealand until 2006 142 143 and received international acclaim winning several international film prizes 144 while some māori feared that viewers would consider the violent male characters an accurate portrayal of māori men most critics praised it as exposing the raw side of domestic violence 145 other major films with māori themes or subjects include utu 1983 the piano 1993 whale rider 2002 river queen 2005 boy 2010 hunt for the wilderpeople 2016 and muru 2022 the maori merchant of venice 2002 was notable as a complete māori language translation and performance of shakespeare s the merchant of venice prominent māori actors include temuera morrison cliff curtis jemaine clement lawrence makoare miriama smith manu bennett keisha castle hughes james rolleston rena owen shavaughn ruakere and julian dennison in most cases their roles in hollywood productions have them portraying ethnic groups other than māori in the 2010s māori actor director taika waititi rose to global fame directing the marvel cinematic universe film thor ragnarok 2017 146 and the academy award winning jojo rabbit 2019 147 in which he played adolf hitler in a supporting role waititi s previous films boy 148 and hunt for the wilderpeople 149 both feature young māori protagonists witi ihimaera taika waititi temuera morrison manu bennett keisha castle hughes sport see also list of new zealand māori sportspeople māori participate fully in new zealand s sporting culture and are well represented in rugby union rugby league and netball teams at all levels individual māori players are members of national sports teams and there are dedicated māori rugby union rugby league and cricket teams that play in international competitions at the 2016 summer olympics in rio de janeiro 41 of the 199 competitors 20 5 per cent were of māori descent in the new zealand delegation with the rugby sevens squads alone having 17 māori competitors out of 24 there were also three competitors of māori descent in the australian delegation 150 a haka performed by the national rugby union team before a game new zealand māori rugby league team vs aboriginal dreamtime match at 2008 rugby league world cup the new zealand national rugby union team and many other new zealand sports people perform a haka a traditional māori challenge before events 151 152 kī o rahi and tapawai are two ball sports of māori origin kī o rahi received an unexpected boost when mcdonald s chose it to represent new zealand 153 waka ama outrigger canoeing has also experienced a resurgence of interest in new zealand since the 1980s 154 language main articles māori language and māori language revival speakers of māori according to the 2013 census 155 less than 5 more than 5 more than 10 more than 20 more than 30 more than 40 more than 50 the māori language also known as te reo māori pronounced ˈmaːoɾi te ˈɾeo ˈmaːoɾi or simply te reo the language has the status of an official language linguists classify it within the eastern polynesian languages as being closely related to cook islands māori tuamotuan and tahitian before european contact māori did not have a written language and important information such as whakapapa was memorised and passed down verbally through the generations 156 māori were familiar with the concept of maps and when interacting with missionaries in 1815 could draw accurate maps of their rohe iwi boundaries onto paper that were the equal of european maps missionaries surmised that māori had traditionally drawn maps on sand or other natural materials 157 from about 1890 māori members of parliament realised the importance of english literacy to māori and insisted that all māori children be taught in english citation needed missionaries who still ran many māori schools had been teaching exclusively in māori but the māori mps insisted this should stop however attendance at school for many māori was intermittent in many areas of new zealand māori lost its role as a living community language used by significant numbers of people in the post war years in tandem with calls for sovereignty and for the righting of social injustices from the 1970s onwards new zealand schools now teach māori culture and language as an option and pre school kohanga reo language nests have started which teach tamariki young children exclusively in māori these now update extend right through secondary schools kura tuarua most preschool centres teach basics such as colours numerals and greetings in māori songs and chants 158 māori television a government funded channel committed to broadcasting primarily in te reo began in march 2004 87 the 1996 census reported 160 000 māori speakers 159 at the time of the 2013 census 125 352 māori 21 3 per cent reported a conversational level of proficiency 160 social organisation historical development polynesian settlers in new zealand developed a distinct society over several hundred years social groups were tribal with no unified society or single māori identity until after the arrival of europeans nevertheless common elements could be found in all māori groups in pre european new zealand including a shared polynesian heritage a common basic language familial associations traditions of warfare and similar mythologies and religious beliefs 161 most māori lived in villages which were inhabited by several whānau extended families who collectively formed a hapū clan or subtribe members of a hapū cooperated with food production gathering resources raising families and defence māori society across new zealand was broadly stratified into three classes of people rangatira chiefs and ruling families tūtūā commoners and mōkai slaves tohunga also held special standing in their communities as specialists of revered arts skills and esoteric knowledge 162 163 shared ancestry intermarriage and trade strengthened relationships between different groups many hapū with mutually recognised shared ancestry formed iwi or tribes which were the largest social unit in māori society hapū and iwi often united for expeditions to gather food and resources or in times of conflict in contrast warfare developed as an integral part of traditional life as different groups competed for food and resources settled personal disputes and sought to increase their prestige and authority 162 māori whānau from rotorua in the 1880s early european settlers introduced tools weapons clothing and foods to māori across new zealand in exchange for resources land and labour māori began selectively adopting elements of western society during the 19th century including european clothing and food and later western education religion and architecture 164 however as the 19th century wore on relations between european colonial settlers and different māori groups became increasingly strained tensions led to widespread conflict in the 1860s and the confiscation of millions of acres of māori land significant amounts of land were also purchased by the colonial government and later through the native land court 20th century to present the māori past and present article from the sydney mail 1903 by the start of the 20th century a greater awareness had emerged of a unified māori identity particularly in comparison to pākehā who now overwhelmingly outnumbered the māori as a whole māori and pākehā societies remained largely separate socially culturally economically and geographically for much of the 19th and early 20th centuries 165 the key reason for this was that māori remained almost exclusively a rural population whereas increasingly the european population was urban especially after 1900 nevertheless māori groups continued to engage with the government and in legal processes to increase their standing in and ultimately further their incorporation into wider new zealand society 166 the main point of contact with the government were the four māori members of parliament many māori migrated to larger rural towns and cities during the depression and post wwii periods in search of employment leaving rural communities depleted and disconnecting many urban māori from their traditional social controls and tribal homelands yet while standards of living improved among māori they continued to lag behind pākehā in areas such as health income skilled employment and access to higher levels of education māori leaders and government policymakers alike struggled to deal with social issues stemming from increased urban migration including a shortage of housing and jobs and a rise in urban crime poverty and health problems 167 in regards to housing a 1961 census revealed significant differences in the living conditions of māori and europeans that year out of all the unshared non māori private dwellings in new zealand 96 8 per cent had a bath or shower 94 1 per cent a hot water service 88 7 per cent a flush toilet 81 6 per cent a refrigerator and 78 6 per cent an electric washing machine by contrast for all unshared māori private dwellings that same year 76 8 per cent had a bath or shower 68 9 per cent a hot water service 55 8 per cent a refrigerator 54 1 per cent a flush toilet and 47 per cent an electric washing machine 168 while the arrival of europeans had a profound impact on the māori way of life many aspects of traditional society have survived into the 21st century māori participate fully in all spheres of new zealand culture and society leading largely western lifestyles while also maintaining their own cultural and social customs the traditional social strata of rangatira tūtūā and mōkai have all but disappeared from māori society while the roles of tohunga and kaumātua are still present traditional kinship ties are also actively maintained and the whānau in particular remains an integral part of māori life 169 marae hapū and iwi whenuakura marae in taranaki māori society at a local level is particularly visible at the marae formerly the central meeting spaces in traditional villages marae today usually comprise a group of buildings around an open space that frequently host events such as weddings funerals church services and other large gatherings with traditional protocol and etiquette usually observed they also serve as the base of one or sometimes several hapū 170 most māori affiliate with one or more iwi and hapū based on genealogical descent whakapapa iwi vary in size from a few hundred members to over 100 000 in the case of ngāpuhi many people do not live in their traditional tribal regions as a result of urban migration see urban māori iwi are usually governed by rūnanga tribal councils or assemblies which represent the iwi in consultations and negotiations with the new zealand government 171 race relations see also hori slur and new zealanders race and ethnic relations protest hīkoi during the foreshore and seabed controversy in 2004 new zealand endorsed the united nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples in april 2010 māori issues are a prominent feature of race relations in new zealand historically many pākehā viewed race relations in their country as being the best in the world a view that prevailed until māori urban migration in the mid 20th century brought cultural and socioeconomic differences to wider attention 172 māori protest movements grew significantly in the 1960s and 1970s seeking redress for past grievances particularly in regard to land rights successive governments have responded by enacting affirmative action programmes funding cultural rejuvenation initiatives and negotiating tribal settlements for past breaches of the treaty of waitangi 173 further efforts have focused on reducing socioeconomic disparity 174 a 2007 department of corrections report found that māori are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system a number of studies have shown evidence of greater likelihood associated only with ethnicity for māori offenders to have police contact be charged lack legal representation not be granted bail plead guilty be convicted be sentenced to non monetary penalties and be denied release to home detention 175 conversely critics denounce the scale of assistance given to māori as amounting to preferential treatment for a select group of people based on race 93 both sentiments were highlighted during the foreshore and seabed controversy in 2004 in which the new zealand government claimed sole ownership of the new zealand foreshore and seabed over the objections of māori groups who were seeking customary title 176 socioeconomic issues māori on average have fewer assets than the rest of the population and run greater risks of many negative economic and social outcomes over 50 per cent of māori live in areas in the three highest deprivation deciles compared with 24 per cent of the rest of the population 177 although māori make up 16 5 per cent of the population 178 they make up 53 0 per cent of the prison population 179 māori have higher unemployment rates than other ethnic groups in new zealand which is believed to partially account for their over representation in the criminal justice system many young māori finding themselves unemployed are picked up for alcohol related behaviours or small crimes such as vandalism 180 underemployment is in turn attributed to persistent institutional racism in new zealand 181 182 only 47 per cent of māori school leavers finish school with qualifications higher than ncea level one compared to 74 per cent european 87 per cent asian 183 although new zealand rates very well globally in the pisa rankings that compare national performance in reading science and maths once you disaggregate the pisa scores pakeha students are second in the world and māori are 34th 184 at the 2018 new zealand census 25 3 of māori aged 15 and over...
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