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el ban and asset freeze on mugabe 351 it extended these sanctions in 2008 351 with the us government introducing further sanctions this same year 357 the us and uk introduced a resolution at the un security council calling for an arms embargo of zimbabwe alongside an asset freeze and travel ban of mugabe and other government figures it was vetoed by russia and china 357 in 2009 the sadc demanded that western states lift their targeted sanctions against mugabe and his government 352 zanu pf presented the sanctions as a form of western neo colonialism and blamed the west for zimbabwe s economic problems 358 according to carren pindiriri of the university of zimbabwe sanctions did not negatively affect employment and poverty in the country 359 british prime minister tony blair allegedly planned regime change in zimbabwe in the early 2000s as pressure intensified for mugabe to step down 360 british general charles guthrie the chief of the defence staff revealed in 2007 that he and blair had discussed the invasion of zimbabwe 361 however guthrie advised against military action hold hard you ll make it worse 361 in 2013 south african president thabo mbeki said that blair had also pressured south africa to join in a regime change scheme even to the point of using military force in zimbabwe 360 mbeki refused because he felt that mugabe is part of the solution to this problem 360 however a spokesman for blair said that he never asked anyone to plan or take part in any such military intervention 360 power sharing with the opposition mdc 2008 2013 edit main article 2008 zimbabwean presidential election in march 2008 the parliamentary and presidential elections were held in the former zanu pf secured 97 seats to the mdc s 99 and the rival mdc ncube s 9 362 363 in may the zimbabwe electoral commission announced the presidential vote results confirming that tsvangirai secured 47 9 to mugabe s 43 2 as neither candidate secured 50 a run off vote was scheduled 364 mugabe saw his defeat as an unacceptable personal humiliation 365 he deemed it a victory for his western and in particular british detractors whom he believed were working with tsvangirai to end his political career 365 zanu pf claimed that the mdc had rigged the election 366 mugabe in 2011 after the election mugabe s government deployed its war veterans in a violent campaign against tsvangirai supporters 367 between march and june 2008 at least 153 mdc supporters were killed 368 there were reports of women affiliated with the mdc being subjected to gang rape by mugabe supporters 368 tens of thousands of zimbabweans were internally displaced by the violence 368 these actions brought international condemnation of mugabe s government citation needed un secretary general ban ki moon expressed concern about the violence 369 which was also unanimously condemned by the un security council which declared that a free and fair election was impossible 369 40 senior african leaders among them desmond tutu kofi annan and jerry rawlings signed an open letter calling for an end to the violence 370 in response to the violence tsvangirai pulled out of the run off 214 in the second round mugabe was pronounced victor with 85 5 of the vote and immediately re inaugurated as president 371 372 the sadc oversaw the establishment of a power sharing agreement brokered by mbeke it was signed in september 2008 373 under the agreement mugabe remained president while tsvangirai became prime minister and the mdc s arthur mutambara became vice prime minister citation needed the cabinet was equally divided among mdc and zanu pf members citation needed zanu pf nevertheless displayed unwillingness to share power 374 and were anxious to prevent any sweeping political changes 375 under the power sharing agreement a number of limited reforms were passed 376 in early 2009 mugabe s government declared that to combat rampant inflation it would recognise us dollars as legal tender and would pay government employees in this currency 336 this helped to stabilise prices 336 zanu pf blocked many of the proposed reforms and a new constitution was passed in march 2013 376 later years 2013 2017 edit mugabe and his wife in 2013 declaring that he would fight like a wounded animal for re election 365 mugabe approached the 2013 elections believing that it would be his last 377 he hoped that a decisive electoral victory would secure his legacy signal his triumph over his western critics and irreparably damage tsvangirai s credibility 377 the opposition parties believed that this election was their best chance for ousting mugabe 378 they portrayed him as a feeble old man who was being told what to do by the military 379 at least one academic observer argued that this was untrue 379 in contrast to 2008 there was no organised dissent against mugabe within zanu pf 380 the party elite decided to avoid the violence that had marred the 2008 election so as not to undermine its credibility 376 particularly in the eyes of the sadc thus allowing zimbabwe s government to consolidate its rule without interference 376 mugabe called upon supporters to avoid violence 376 and attended far fewer rallies than in past elections in part because of his advanced age and in part to ensure that those rallies he did attend were larger 381 the zanu pf offered gifts including food and clothing to many members of the electorate to encourage them to vote for the party 382 zanu pf won a landslide victory with 61 of the presidential vote and over two thirds of parliamentary seats 383 the elections were not considered free and fair there were widespread stories of vote rigging and many voters might have been fearful of the violence that had surrounded the 2008 election 383 during the campaign many mdc supporters had remained quiet about their views out of fear of reprisals 384 the mdc was also negatively impacted by its time in the coalition government with perceptions that it had been just as corrupt as zanu pf 385 zanu pf had also capitalised on its appeals to african race land and liberation while the mdc was often associated with white farmers western nations and perceived western values such as lgbtq rights 386 mugabe meeting japanese prime minister shinzo abe in 2016 in february 2014 mugabe underwent a cataract operation in singapore on return he celebrated his ninetieth birthday at a marondera football stadium 387 in december 2014 mugabe fired his vice president joice mujuru accusing her of plotting his overthrow 388 in january 2015 mugabe was elected as the chairperson of the african union au 389 in november 2015 he announced his intention to run for re election as zimbabwe s president in 2018 at the age of 94 and was accepted as the zanu pf candidate 390 in february 2016 mugabe said he had no plans for retirement and would remain in power until god says come 391 in february 2017 during the celebrations for his 93rd birthday mugabe stated he would not retire nor pick a successor even though he said he would let his party choose a successor if it saw fit 392 393 in may 2017 mugabe took a weeklong trip to cancún mexico ostensibly to attend a three day conference on disaster risk reduction eliciting criticism of wasteful spending from opposition figures 394 395 he made three medical trips to singapore in 2017 and grace mugabe called on him to name a successor 396 in october 2017 the world health organization who appointed mugabe as a goodwill ambassador this attracted criticism from both the zimbabwean opposition and various foreign governments given the poor state of the zimbabwean health system 397 responding to the outcry who revoked mugabe s appointment a day later 398 in response foreign minister walter mzembi said the united nations system should be reformed 399 coup d état and resignation 2017 edit main article 2017 zimbabwean coup d état on 6 november 2017 mugabe sacked his first vice president emmerson mnangagwa this fuelled speculation that he intended to name grace his successor grace was very unpopular with the zanu pf old guard on 15 november 2017 the zimbabwe national army placed mugabe under house arrest at his blue roof mansion as part of what it described as an action against criminals in mugabe s circle 400 401 402 on 19 november he was sacked as leader of zanu pf and mnangagwa was appointed in his place 403 the party also gave mugabe an ultimatum resign by noon the following day or it would introduce an impeachment resolution against him in a nationally televised speech that night mugabe refused to say that he would resign 404 in response zanu pf deputies introduced an impeachment resolution on 21 november 2017 which was seconded by the mdc t 405 the constitution stipulated that removing a president from office required a two thirds majority of both the house of assembly and senate in a joint sitting however with both major parties supporting the motion and controlling all but six seats in both houses between them all but four in the lower house and all but two in the upper house mugabe s impeachment and removal appeared all but certain as per the constitution both chambers met in joint session to debate the resolution hours after the debate began the speaker of the house of assembly read a letter from mugabe announcing that he had resigned effective immediately 406 mugabe and his wife had negotiated a deal before his resignation under which he and his kin were exempted from prosecution his business interests would remain untouched and he would receive a payment of at least 10 million 407 408 in july 2018 the zimbabwe supreme court ruled that mugabe had resigned voluntarily despite some of the ex president s subsequent comments 409 post presidency edit late in december 2017 according to a government gazette mugabe was given full diplomatic status and out of public funds a five bedroom house up to 23 staff members and personal vehicles he further was permitted to keep the business interests and other wealth which he had amassed while in power and he received an additional payment of about ten million dollars 410 on 15 march 2018 in his first interview since removal from the presidency mugabe insisted that he had been ousted in a coup d état which must be undone he stated that he would not work with mnangagwa and termed mnangagwa s presidency illegal and unconstitutional 411 in a lawsuit brought by two political parties the liberal democrats and the revolutionary freedom fighters and others the court found that the resignation was legal and that mnangagwa as vice president duly took over the presidency 409 the state media reported that mugabe had backed the national political front which was formed by ambrose mutinhiri a former high ranking zanu pf politician who resigned in protest against mugabe s removal from the presidency the npf posted a picture of mutinhiri posing with mugabe 412 and issued a press release in which it said that the former president had praised the decision 413 on the eve of the 29 july 2018 general election the first in 38 years in which he would not be a candidate mugabe held a surprise press conference in which he stated that he would not vote for president mnangagwa and zanu pf the party he founded instead he intended to vote for nelson chamisa the candidate for his long time rivals the mdc 414 415 416 mnangagwa won the election illness death and funeral 2019 edit mugabe was unable to walk according to emmerson mnangagwa in november 2018 and had been receiving treatment in singapore for the previous two months 417 he was hospitalised there in april 2019 making the last of several trips to the country for medical treatment as he had done late in his presidency and following his resignation 418 419 420 he died at gleneagles hospital on 6 september 2019 at about 10 40 am singapore standard time aged 95 according to a senior zimbabwean diplomat 421 although the cause of death was not officially disclosed 422 mnangagwa his successor told zanu pf supporters in new york city that mugabe had advanced cancer and his chemotherapy treatment had ceased to be effective 423 424 on 11 september his body was flown back to harare airport in zimbabwe 425 426 where 1 000 had gathered to wait for the body and listen to a speech from mnangagwa 427 mugabe s body was then driven to the family residence in borrowdale for a private wake attended by his friends and family but not mnangagwa 427 the associated press reported that no supporters had gathered along the procession route but 500 mourners gathered in his birthplace of zvimba 427 on 13 september it was announced that the mugabe family had accepted the mnangagwa government s request to have mugabe buried at heroes acre cemetery and to have his burial be delayed for 30 days 428 429 the mugabe family had initially rejected the government s burial plan and intended for him to be buried in zvimba on either 16 or 17 september a day later than the government s proposal 427 430 431 432 mugabe s state funeral 433 434 which was open to the public was held at the national sports stadium on 14 september with an aerial photo showing the 60 000 capacity stadium to be about a quarter full 435 the funeral was attended by leaders and former leaders of various african countries among them were mnangagwa kenneth kaunda of zambia olusegun obasanjo of nigeria sam nujoma hifikepunye pohamba and hage geingob of namibia joseph kabila of dr congo uhuru kenyatta of kenya and cyril ramaphosa of south africa 435 on 26 september nick mangwana stated that mugabe would be buried in his home town of kutama to respect the wishes of families of deceased heroes 436 the burial took place in the courtyard of his home in kutama on 28 september 437 438 ideology edit part of a series on pan africanism symbols african art western collections black star of africa pan african colours pan african flag ideologies african anarchism african communalism african nationalism african philosophy african socialism afrocentrism black nationalism garveyism négritude nkrumaism sankarism third international theory ujamaa organizations african union conscious community organisation of african unity people akumu amin ben jochannan cham joof diop diouf du bois fanon gaddafi garvey goita houphouët boigny james keita kenyatta lumumba mak anyengo malcolm x malema julius mbah mboya mugabe ngum nkrumah nyerere julius padmore rodney sankara selassie senghor small sékou touré thiaw tolbert traore yeshitela wilson williams dynamics ethnic groups of africa languages of africa religion in africa conflicts in africa related africa african and black topics afro asian afro latino anti imperialism anti western sentiment black people reparations for slavery pan africanism portal africa portal politics portal v t e mugabeism as a form of populist reason is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring a multi pronged approach to decipher its various meanings at one level it represents pan african memory and patriotism and at another level it manifests itse...
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