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nomic initiatives as amounting to race based preferential treatment 93 both of these sentiments were expressed during the new zealand foreshore and seabed controversy in 2004 94 95 māori king movement tāwhiao the second māori king reigned from 1860 to 1894 the māori king movement called the kīngitanga vi in māori arose among some of the māori iwi in the central north island in the 1850s to establish a role similar in status to that of the monarch of the british colonists as a way of halting the alienation of māori land 98 the māori monarch operates in a non constitutional capacity with no legal or judicial power within the new zealand government reigning monarchs retain the position of paramount chief of several iwi 99 and wield some power over these especially within tainui the current māori monarch nga wai hono i te po was elected in 2024 100 her official residence is tūrongo house at tūrangawaewae marae in the town of ngāruawāhia she is the eighth monarch since the position was created and is the continuation of a dynasty that reaches back to the inaugural king pōtatau te wherowhero the movement arose among a group of central north island iwi in the 1850s as a means of attaining māori unity to halt the alienation of land at a time of rapid population growth by european colonists 98 the movement sought to establish a monarch who could claim status similar to that of queen victoria and thus allow māori to deal with pākehā europeans on equal footing it took on the appearance of an alternative government with its own flag newspaper bank councillors magistrates and law enforcement but it was viewed by the colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the british monarchy leading in turn to the 1863 invasion of waikato which was partly motivated by a drive to neutralise the kīngitanga s power and influence following their defeat at ōrākau in 1864 kīngitanga forces withdrew into the ngāti maniapoto tribal region of the north island that became known as the king country 101 102 page needed the māori monarch s influence has not been as strong as it could be partially due to the lack of affiliation to the kīngitanga of key iwi most notably tūhoe ngāti porou and the largest iwi of all ngāpuhi 103 demographics māori in new zealand in 2018 māori new zealanders population pyramid in 2018 under the māori affairs amendment act 1974 a māori is defined as a person of the māori race of new zealand and includes any descendant of such a person 104 the māori population around the late 18th century was estimated by james cook at 100 000 historian michael king suggests a slightly higher figure of 110 000 is more likely 105 their numbers declined during the 19th century to as low as 42 000 the decline has been attributed to the impact of european colonisation including new diseases 106 thereafter the population grew rapidly there were 887 493 people identifying as being part of the māori ethnic group at the 2023 new zealand census making up 17 8 of new zealand s population 107 this is an increase of 111 657 people 14 4 since the 2018 census and an increase of 288 891 people 48 3 since the 2013 census the large increase between the 2013 and 2018 census was mainly due to statistics new zealand starting to add ethnicity data from other sources previous censuses administrative data and imputation to the census data to reduce the number of non responses 108 the median age of māori was 26 8 years compared with 38 1 years for new zealand as a whole 262 422 people 29 6 were aged under 15 years 223 860 25 2 were 15 to 29 336 486 37 9 were 30 to 64 and 64 725 7 3 were 65 or older in terms of population distribution 753 384 84 9 māori lived in the north island at the 2023 census and 133 656 15 1 lived in the south island five districts had a majority māori population chatham islands territory 68 6 wairoa district 68 5 ōpōtiki district 66 2 kawerau district 63 2 and gisborne district 54 8 the upper harbour local board area in auckland has the lowest concentration of māori people at 6 1 followed by the devonport takapuna local board area 6 2 and the howick local board area 6 3 the queenstown lakes district had the lowest concentration of māori outside auckland at 6 4 107 of those identifying as māori at the 2023 census 366 015 people 41 2 identified as of sole māori ethnicity while 409 401 people 46 1 identified as of both european and māori ethnicity due to the high rate of intermarriage between the two ethnicities 109 the largest iwi by population at the 2023 census was ngāpuhi 184 470 followed by ngāti porou 102 480 ngāti kahungunu 95 751 and waikato 94 698 110 however over 110 000 people of māori descent could not identify their iwi 111 outside of new zealand a large māori population exists in australia there were 170 057 australians identifying as māori at the 2021 australian census with 65 031 living in queensland 39 714 living in new south wales and 31 044 living in western australia 112 smaller communities also exist in the united kingdom approx 8 000 the united states up to 3 500 and canada approx 2 805 3 113 114 culture main article māori culture wharenui meeting house at ōhinemutu village rotorua tekoteko on the top māori culture forms a distinctive part of new zealand culture and due to a large diaspora and the incorporation of māori motifs into popular culture is found throughout the world 115 116 contemporary māori culture comprises traditional as well as 20th century influences traditional culture archaeological record indicates a gradual evolution of culture 117 in the course of a few centuries the growing population led to competition for resources and an increase in warfare and an increased frequency of fortified pā various systems also arose aimed to conserve resources most of these such as tapu and rāhui used religious or supernatural threats to discourage people from taking species at particular seasons or from specified areas warfare between tribes was common and māori would sometimes eat their conquered enemies or enslave them 118 performing arts such as the haka developed from their polynesian roots as did carving and weaving regional dialects arose with differences in vocabulary and in the pronunciation of some words but the language retained enough similarities to other eastern polynesian languages for tupaia the tahitian navigator on james cook s first voyage in the region to act as an interpreter between māori and the crew of the endeavour belief and religion main articles māori mythology and māori religion religious affiliation 119 no religion 53 5 christian 29 9 māori religions 7 7 other religion 1 4 buddhism 0 2 islam 0 1 hinduism 0 1 traditional māori beliefs have their origins in polynesian culture concepts such as tapu sacred noa non sacred mana authority prestige and wairua spirit governed everyday māori living and there are also many māori deities today some māori follow a variety of christian faiths such as presbyterianism the church of jesus christ of latter day saints māori christian groups such as rātana and ringatū 120 and also catholic anglican and methodist denominations 121 122 at the 2018 new zealand census 7 7 per cent of māori were affiliated with māori religions beliefs and philosophies 29 9 per cent with christian denominations and 53 5 per cent of māori claimed no religion proportions of christian and irreligious māori are comparable with european new zealanders 119 many māori people observe spiritual traditions such as tapu and noa certain objects areas or buildings are tapu spiritually restricted and must be made noa unrestricted by ceremonial action 123 it is common practice for instance to remove one s shoes before entering a wharenui meeting house a token of respect for the ancestors who are represented and spiritually present within the wharenui 124 another spiritual ritual is hurihanga takapau purification practised when fishing to ensure there is no tapu on the fish 125 performing arts cultural performance of waiata song haka dance tauparapara chants and mōteatea poetry are used by māori to express and pass on knowledge and understanding about history communities and relationships 126 kapa haka is a māori performance art 127 believed to have originated with the legendary figure tinirau it was performed for tourists following european contact starting in the 1880s this sometimes involved adaptations to make it more familiar to european audiences 128 it was used in the first world war to raise money for the maori soldiers fund encouraged by āpirana ngata 128 a haka is often performed in a pōwhiri welcoming ceremony 129 te matatini 2015 in hagley park christchurch since 1972 there has been a regular national kapa haka competition the te matatini national festival organised by the aotearoa traditional māori performing arts society there are kapa haka groups in schools tertiary institutions and workplaces and it is performed at tourist venues across the country 130 131 whare tapere entertainment houses were a site of story telling dance and puppetry in pre european māori culture 132 133 māori theatre and contemporary dance flourished in the 1970s and 1980s with groups such as te ohu whakaari te ika a maui players and taki rua contemporary māori stage writers actors and directors include george henare riwia brown hone kouka nancy brunning jim moriarty briar grace smith and many others 134 contemporary performing arts include theatre companies taki rua 135 tawata productions who run an annual playwriting festival for indigenous writers called breaking ground 136 137 and dance companies atamira dance company and okareka dance company 138 in auckland there is te pou a kaupapa māori performing arts venue that develops and partners with māori theatre makers 139 traditional māori instruments are taonga pūoro they fulfilled various roles including storytelling religious traditions and also daily functions such as the beginning of a new day 140 taonga pūoro fall into two areas melodic instruments such as the flute and rhythmic instruments such as poi balls of dried flax on string that are swung and tapped 141 prominent māori music artists and groups include stan walker maisey rika young sid william singe teeks ria hall rob ruha pieter t citation needed alien weaponry sons of zion 1814 citation needed and maimoa stan walker maisey rika teeks young sid ria hall literature and media see also new zealand art prehistoric art and new zealand art traditional māori art like other cultures oral folklore was used by māori to preserve their stories and beliefs through many centuries in the 19th century european style literacy was brought to the māori which led to māori history documentation in books novels and later television māori language use began to decline in the 20th century with english as the language through which māori literature became widespread notable māori novelists include patricia grace witi ihimaera and alan duff once were warriors a 1994 film adapted from a 1990 novel of the same name by alan duff brought the plight of some urban māori to a wide audience it was the highest grossing film in new zealand until 2006 142 143 and received international acclaim winning several international film prizes 144 while some māori feared that viewers would consider the violent male characters an accurate portrayal of māori men most critics praised it as exposing the raw side of domestic violence 145 other major films with māori themes or subjects include utu 1983 the piano 1993 whale rider 2002 river queen 2005 boy 2010 hunt for the wilderpeople 2016 and muru 2022 the maori merchant of venice 2002 was notable as a complete māori language translation and performance of shakespeare s the merchant of venice prominent māori actors include temuera morrison cliff curtis jemaine clement lawrence makoare miriama smith manu bennett keisha castle hughes james rolleston rena owen shavaughn ruakere and julian dennison in most cases their roles in hollywood productions have them portraying ethnic groups other than māori in the 2010s māori actor director taika waititi rose to global fame directing the marvel cinematic universe film thor ragnarok 2017 146 and the academy award winning jojo rabbit 2019 147 in which he played adolf hitler in a supporting role waititi s previous films boy 148 and hunt for the wilderpeople 149 both feature young māori protagonists witi ihimaera taika waititi temuera morrison manu bennett keisha castle hughes sport see also list of new zealand māori sportspeople māori participate fully in new zealand s sporting culture and are well represented in rugby union rugby league and netball teams at all levels individual māori players are members of national sports teams and there are dedicated māori rugby union rugby league and cricket teams that play in international competitions at the 2016 summer olympics in rio de janeiro 41 of the 199 competitors 20 5 per cent were of māori descent in the new zealand delegation with the rugby sevens squads alone having 17 māori competitors out of 24 there were also three competitors of māori descent in the australian delegation 150 a haka performed by the national rugby union team before a game new zealand māori rugby league team vs aboriginal dreamtime match at 2008 rugby league world cup the new zealand national rugby union team and many other new zealand sports people perform a haka a traditional māori challenge before events 151 152 kī o rahi and tapawai are two ball sports of māori origin kī o rahi received an unexpected boost when mcdonald s chose it to represent new zealand 153 waka ama outrigger canoeing has also experienced a resurgence of interest in new zealand since the 1980s 154 language main articles māori language and māori language revival speakers of māori according to the 2013 census 155 less than 5 more than 5 more than 10 more than 20 more than 30 more than 40 more than 50 the māori language also known as te reo māori pronounced ˈmaːoɾi te ˈɾeo ˈmaːoɾi or simply te reo the language has the status of an official language linguists classify it within the eastern polynesian languages as being closely related to cook islands māori tuamotuan and tahitian before european contact māori did not have a written language and important information such as whakapapa was memorised and passed down verbally through the generations 156 māori were familiar with the concept of maps and when interacting with missionaries in 1815 could draw accurate maps of their rohe iwi boundaries onto paper that were the equal of european maps missionaries surmised that māori had traditionally drawn maps on sand or other natural materials 157 from about 1890 māori members of parliament realised the importance of english literacy to māori and insisted that all māori children be taught in english citation needed missionaries who still ran many māori schools had been teaching exclusively in māori but the māori mps insisted this should stop however attendance 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