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t midlands the east midlands combined authority was established in 2024 urban areas edit the east midlands region contains many urban areas which include nottingham urban area includes the derbyshire towns of alfreton belper heanor ilkeston long eaton ripley and sandiacre it also covers nottingham mansfield arnold beeston bulwell carlton hucknall and west bridgford this means it spans parts of both derbyshire and nottinghamshire pop 729 977 leicester urban area pop 650 000 derby urban area pop 270 468 mansfield urban area spanning mansfield sutton in ashfield and kirkby in ashfield pop 158 114 lincoln urban area spanning lincoln north hykeham and other villages pop 115 000 burton upon trent and swadlincote green belt which although is not an urban area itself it spans two counties between staffordshire and derbyshire near the towns of burton upon trent and swadlincote to restrict building towns and cities edit major towns and cities in the east midlands region include 12 bold indicates city status the template below col begin is being considered for deletion see templates for discussion to help reach a consensus population 400 000 leicester lec population 300 000 nottingham ntt population 200 000 derby dby northampton nth population 100 000 lincoln lin mansfield ntt population 50 000 beeston ntt chesterfield dby corby nth hinckley lec kettering nth loughborough lec wellingborough nth population 25 000 arnold ntt boston lin bulwell ntt coalville lec daventry nth glossop dby grantham lin hucknall ntt ilkeston dby kirkby in ashfield ntt long eaton dby market harborough lec melton mowbray lec newark on trent ntt rushden nth spalding lin sutton in ashfield ntt swadlincote dby west bridgford ntt wigston lec worksop ntt population 10 000 ashby de la zouch lec belper dby bingham ntt bolsover dby bourne lin brackley nth buxton dby desborough nth dronfield dby earl shilton lec eastwood ntt eckington dby gainsborough lin heanor dby louth lin lutterworth lec mablethorpe lin mansfield woodhouse ntt new mills dby north hykeham lin oadby lec oakham rut retford ntt ripley dby shepshed lec skegness lin sleaford lin stamford lin stapleford ntt staveley dby syston lec towcester nth transport edit watford gap services britain s first motorway service station seen here in may 2006 which opened in november 1959 in total 9 of all jobs in the region are in logistics traffic in the region is growing at 2 per year the highest growth rate of all uk regions it is estimated that about 140 000 heavy goods vehicle journeys are made inside the region each day road edit the m1 part of the e13 european route serves the four largest urban areas in the region and affords a motorway link between london yorkshire and north east england additionally the m6 begins on the south western edge of the region providing links to the west midlands and north west england both connect to other major routes providing further links to other parts of the uk to the east of the largest cities lies the a1 part of the european route e15 which is important for journeys to and from ports on england s north east coast and the capital and is a major artery for the united kingdom s agricultural industry the a46 largely follows the fosse way which has linked the south western and north eastern parts of england since roman times the a43 dual carriageway connects the east midlands via the m40 motorway corridor with the university city of oxford as well as south of england and solent ports further afield the historically important a5 runs along the south west leicestershire boundary to the south of lutterworth and hinckley the a14 runs through the north of northamptonshire serving the settlements of kettering and corby alongside surrounding areas and is a major route between the region and the east of england including the university city of cambridge and the major port of felixstowe airports edit east midlands airport looking west east midlands airport in north west leicestershire is situated in proximity to the region s largest cities 14 miles 23 km from the centres of derby and nottingham with central leicester being 21 miles 34 km away and lincoln further north east being 43 miles 69 km away the airport is the region s biggest public airport used by over 4 million passengers annually rivalry between the region s three biggest cities has led to a long running discussion about the identity of both the airport and region with the east midlands rarely found on any non political map of the uk the name was at one point changed to nottingham east midlands airport so as to include the name of the city that is supposedly most internationally recognisable however the airport has a derby phone number and postcode and is in leicestershire but is officially assigned to nottingham by iata as a result of the dispute the name change was reverted air cargo aircraft at ema three of the world s four main international air freight companies integrators have their uk operations at ema dhl ups and tnt express tnt bought by ups fedex have theirs at stansted it is the second largest freight airport in the uk after heathrow but most freight from ema is carried on dedicated planes whereas most freight from heathrow is carried on passenger planes bellyhold royal mail have their main airport hubs at heathrow and ema as ema is conveniently near the m1 a42 and a50 heathrow takes some 60 per cent of uk air freight and ema some 10 per cent with stansted manchester and gatwick next air freight has grown at ema from 1994 to 2004 from about 10 000 to over 250 000 tonnes the main hours of cargo flying are from 20 00 05 00 domestic cargo flies into the airport in the evening then from 23 30 to 01 30 cargo flies to european capitals and from 03 00 05 00 from europe to ema it is the uk s twelfth largest passenger airport the runway is the uk s sixth longest at 2 900 metres 9 500 ft royal mail flights from ema go to belfast edinburgh inverness aberdeen newcastle exeter and bournemouth and it is the largest uk royal mail air hub with eleven flights per night dhl is the main route carrier at ema by far with 20 flights per night ups have 6 and tnt have 2 belfast and liège for hubs in europe dhl flies to leipzig ups to cologne and tnt at liège smaller airports in the region include retford gamston airport nottingham airport leicester airport hucknall airfield sywell aerodrome bruntingthorpe aerodrome and humberside airport robin hood airport doncaster sheffield lies just outside the east midlands in south yorkshire railway edit newark north gate railway station three of the united kingdom s mainline railways serve the region the midland main line the east coast main line and the west coast main line northampton loop providing services terminating at london st pancras london king s cross and london euston respectively the three lines provide regular high speed services to london at up to 125 mph 200 km h serving wellingborough kettering corby market harborough leicester loughborough derby east midlands parkway nottingham chesterfield grantham newark north gate and retford northampton and long buckby are served by the northampton loop of the west coast main line england s primary south west to north east cross country route runs through derby and chesterfield worksop mansfield lincoln matlock melton mowbray skegness boston spalding and oakham are served by regional services the chiltern main line also serves the western fringe of the region at kings s sutton a land speed record for trains was broken in the region although the record was set in 1938 the current world speed record for steam trains is held by 4468 mallard which clocked 126 mph 203 km h between grantham and peterborough pulling six coaches on the east coast main line near little bytham in lincolnshire on 3 july 1938 the mallard record was unbroken by any british rail train until 6 june 1973 when an intercity 125 between northallerton and thirsk reached 131 mph 211 km h mallard in 1938 had six carriages and a dynamometer car the national electric train speed record pre high speed 1 of 162 mph 261 km h was set on the same stretch as the mallard record on 17 september 1989 by class 91 91010 there were plans to bring a new high speed rail line through the east midlands as part of the high speed 2 project of which phase 2 would have brought a new line connecting birmingham to leeds with a proposed station in toton known as the east midlands hub it would also have served the region via classic compatible tracks serving chesterfield and sheffield the latter of which is just outside the region in yorkshire the humber water edit the river trent at the former high marnham power station next to the 1897 fledborough viaduct the power station built in 1959 was europe s first 1000 mw coal power station 5 x 200 mw and consumed coal from 17 collieries the area is the largest collection of power stations in europe sometimes known as kilowatt valley the trent is a navigable river used to transport goods to the humber as well as passing by many power stations the trent is the only river in england able to supply cooling water for power stations for most of its length it has the largest water capacity in england although it is not the longest several rivers in the region gave their name to early rolls royce jet engines namely the nene the welland and the soar trams edit nottingham is the only city in the region served by a light railway system operated by nottingham express transit transport policy edit as part of the transport planning system the later defunct regional assembly was under statutory requirement to produce a regional transport strategy to provide long term planning for transport in the region this involved region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the highways agency and network rail 13 local transport authorities in the region carry out planning through a local transport plan ltp 14 the most recent ltps are for the period 2006 11 the following east midland transport authorities published an ltp online derbyshire 15 leicestershire 16 lincolnshire 17 northamptonshire 18 nottinghamshire 19 and rutland u a 20 the unitary authorities of derby 21 leicester 22 and nottingham 23 they have each written a joint ltp in collaboration with their respective local county councils history edit romans edit a historical basis for such a region exists in the territory of the corieltauvi tribe when the romans took control they made leicester ratae corieltauvorum one of their main forts the main town in the region in roman times was lincoln at the confluence of the fosse way and ermine street the five boroughs of the danelaw anglo saxons and the danelaw edit after the withdrawal of the romans the area was settled by angles a germanic people who gave the east midlands most of the place names it has today they eventually founded the kingdom of mercia meaning borderlands as it borders the welsh people to the west the region also corresponds to the later five boroughs of the danelaw the area that vikings from denmark controlled in about 917 the region was subdivided between danelaw vikings to the north and mercia anglo saxons to the south by 920 this border had moved north to the river humber evidence of the danelaw can be seen in place name endings of the region s villages particularly towards the east the danes under canute recaptured the area between about 1016 and 1035 but it came back under english control after canute s death that same year civil war edit the region s two main battles in the english civil war were the battle of naseby in northern northamptonshire on 14 june 1645 and the battle of winceby on 11 october 1643 in eastern lincolnshire scientific heritage edit isaac newton born in grantham in 1642 is perhaps the most prolific scientist his accomplishments include calculus newton s laws of motion and newton s law of universal gravitation among many others there is a shopping centre named in his honour in grantham thomas simpson from leicestershire is known for simpson s rule roger cotes invented the concept of the radian in 1714 but the term was not named until 1873 george green 1793 1841 born in sneinton nottingham was a mathematical physicist best known for the vector calculus theorem and the functions that bear his name henry cavendish loosely connected with derbyshire discovered hydrogen in 1766 although the element s name came from antoine lavoisier and cavendish was the first to estimate an accurate mass of the earth in 1798 in his cavendish experiment the cavendish laboratory at the university of cambridge is named after a relative herbert spencer coined the term survival of the fittest in 1864 which was once strongly linked with social darwinism sir john flamsteed was the first astronomer royal of the royal observatory greenwich in 1675 robert bakewell of dishley in leicestershire and known for his english leicester sheep arrived at selective breeding his english longhorns were the first cattle bred for beef george boole pioneer of boolean logic upon which all digital electronics and computers depend was born in lincoln in 1815 the application of boole s theory to digital circuit design would come in 1937 by claude shannon boole s grandson the physicist g i taylor made significant experimental contributions to quantum mechanics the first practical demonstration of radar was near daventry in 1935 robert robinson of chesterfield in derbyshire invented the circular symbol in 1925 for the pi bonds of the benzene ring as found on structural diagrams of aromatic compounds nicola pellow a maths undergraduate at leicester polytechnic whilst at cern in november 1990 wrote the world s second web browser silicone was discovered in 1899 by prof frederic kipping at university college nottingham michael creeth of northampton discovered the hydrogen bonding mechanism between dna bases allowing the structure of dna to be discovered nottinghamshire s ken richardson was in charge of the team at pfizer in sandwich kent that in 1981 discovered fluconazole diflucan the world s leading antifungal medication especially useful for those with weakened immune systems it has few side effects richardson is one of the few britons in the national inventors hall of fame don grierson at the university of nottingham was the first to produce a genetically modified tomato which became the first gm food on sale in the uk and in the united states louis essen a nottingham physicist made advances in the quartz clock in the 1930s at the national physical laboratory in teddington to produce the quartz ring clock in 1938 and the caesium clock known as the atomic clock in 1955 during the war he invented the cavity resonance wavemeter to find the first accurate value of the speed of light the atomic clock works on differences in magnetic spin before essen s invention the second was defined in terms of the orbit of the earth round the sun he changed it in 1967 to be based on the hyperfi...
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