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ation growth edit an important motivation for smart cities is projected population growth the un forecasts the global population to reach 9 6 to 13 2 billion by 2100 with cities absorbing 80 of this growth 46 tragedy of the commons edit an important goal of smart city initiatives is to use icts to address the tragedy of the commons problem how this phenomenon occurs when individuals acting in their own self interest deplete a communal resource for example while each individual driver in a city saves time and flexibility by driving the resultant excessive driving of the community causes traffic congestion and environmental issues this situation is worsened when public transportation services get little attention due to the use of personal vehicles 47 history edit philosophical predecessors of smart cities can be found in utopian works such as new atlantis 1626 48 another was ebenezer howard s 1898 concept of garden cities 45 these were dense size limited cities founded in rural areas by private groups combining the benefits of the city and the country 49 other conceptions include those of edward bellamy frank lloyd wright and le corbusier 45 49 critics of smart cities draw parallels between the weaknesses of these utopian visions and the weaknesses of smart cities today 45 the concept of smart cities emerged from global cities adoption of information and communications technologies for urban use which can be used to improve efficiency sustainability and livability in urban environments 33 34 35 some of the earliest interventions in urban planning include the use of computational statistical analysis by the community analysis bureau in los angeles in the late 1960s 50 and the establishment by singapore of the national computer board in 1981 51 from the early 1990s through the 2000s the spread of the world wide web led to the development of digital cities regarded retrospectively as a precursor to modern smart cities these initiatives focused on supporting local communities civic participation and regional economic development through information and communication technology 52 digital cities took diverse forms globally such as european public private partnerships like amsterdam s de digitale stad 53 and grassroots community networks 54 in north america in asia projects like digital city kyoto 55 launched in 1998 served as advanced testbeds for connecting physical cities with virtual spaces utilizing real time sensor data and simulations the smart city concept experienced a major surge around 2005 tech companies sought to create information systems to enhance operational efficiency for cities 56 57 58 59 a global movement emerged advocating smart cities citation needed ibm launched its smarter planet marketing initiative in 2008 60 which included the ibm smarter cities challenge in 2010 cisco systems with 25 million from the clinton foundation established its connected urban development program in partnership with san francisco amsterdam and seoul in 2011 the smart city expo world congress in barcelona attracted 6000 people from 50 countries the european commission in 2012 established the smart cities marketplace a centralized hub for urban initiatives in the european union 61 the 2015 chancellor s budget for the united kingdom proposed to invest 140 million in smart cities and iot 62 smart city competitions were launched in the 2010s by bloomberg philanthropies the rockefeller foundation and the united states department of transportation 21 in 2016 at t launched an alliance with cisco deloitte ericsson general electric ibm intel and qualcomm with municipal partners atlanta georgia chicago illinois and dallas texas 21 characteristics edit key characteristics that define innovative urban environments include 63 connectivity iot networks collect and transmit data from sensors throughout the urban environment 64 data driven decision making advanced analytics and artificial intelligence enable more informed and responsive governance 65 sustainable infrastructure energy efficient buildings renewable energy and intelligent transportation systems 66 urban optimization reduce resource usage reduce ecological footprints and enhance living standards to create more environmentally responsible urban spaces 67 citizen engagement facilitate communication between residents and government promoting participation in urban planning and decision making processes 68 smart mobility integrate public transit bike sharing and autonomous vehicles aim to reduce congestion and improve accessibility 69 as well as analyzing mobility behavioral patterns of citizens to improve services and optimize the city infrastructure 70 enhanced public services improve the delivery of essential services 71 a 2024 research article identified six spatial manifestations of smart cities considered expressions of 21st century capitalism 72 science parks and smart campuses innovation districts smart neighborhoods city wide metropolitan and city regional smart city initiatives urban platforms alternative smart city spaces methods edit information and communications technologies edit it has been suggested that a smart city or other community uses information technologies to citation needed make more efficient use of physical infrastructure roads built environment and other physical assets through artificial intelligence and data analytics to support a strong and healthy economic social cultural development 20 engage effectively with local governance 73 by use of open innovation processes and e participation improving the collective intelligence of the city s institutions through e governance 16 with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co design 74 75 learn adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city 16 76 they evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence collective intelligence and also artificial intelligence within the city 77 112 113 78 according to mitchell the intelligence of cities resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks the nerves ubiquitously embedded intelligence the brain sensors and tags the sensory organs and software the knowledge and cognitive competence 79 the physical components of it systems are crucial to early stage smart city development wired infrastructure is required to support the iot and wireless technologies central to more interconnected living 80 a wired city environment provides general access to continually updated digital and physical infrastructure the latest in telecommunications robotics iot and various connected technologies can then be deployed to support human capital and productivity 81 82 forms of intelligence edit bletchley park is often considered to be the first smart community intelligence in smart cities has been demonstrated in three ways citation needed orchestration intelligence 16 cities establish institutions and community based problem solving and collaborations such as in bletchley park where the nazi enigma cipher was decoded by a team led by alan turing this has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community 83 empowerment intelligence cities provide open platforms experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure to cluster innovation in certain districts these are seen in the kista science city in stockholm and the cyberport zone in hong kong similar facilities have also been established in melbourne and kyiv 84 instrumentation intelligence city infrastructure is made smart through real time data collection with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts there is much controversy surrounding this particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities examples of instrumentation intelligence are those implemented in amsterdam 85 this is realized through 16 a common ip infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time a number of homes being provided with smart energy meters to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage solar power garbage compactors car recharging stations and energy saving lamps energy usage edit smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies improve sustainability create economic development and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city citation needed a variety of different datasets may need to be integrated to create a smart energy infrastructure 86 employment of smart technologies enables the more efficient application of integrated energy technologies in the city allowing the development of more self sustaining areas or even positive energy districts that produce more energy than they consume 87 how a smart city is powered by smart connections for various items such as street lighting smart buildings distributed energy resources data analytics and smart transportation amongst these things energy is paramount this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities electric companies working partnership with city officials technology companies and a number of other institutions are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of america s smart cities 88 according to david k owens the former executive vice president of the edison electric institute two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a dynamic resilient grid 89 smart grids are an important technology in smart cities the improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power citation needed energy data management systems can help to save cities energy by recording data and using it to increase efficiency 90 data management edit for a smart city to function it is necessary for it to manage an enormous amount of data collected through the embedded devices and systems in its environment 91 this is also important for the cities growth and security 92 smart cities use a variety of data collection processing and disseminating technologies in conjunction with data security and privacy measures in attempting to encourage innovation and improve citizens quality of life 91 this can relate to topics including utilities health transportation entertainment and government services 91 online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data 93 94 electronic cards known as smart cards are another common component in smart city contexts these cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services or e services without setting up multiple accounts the single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups this technology has been implemented in southampton 39 cognitive technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning can be trained on the data generated by connected city devices to identify patterns the efficacy and impact of particular policy decisions can be quantified by cognitive systems studying the continuous interactions of humans with their urban surroundings 95 transportation edit bicycle sharing systems are an important element in smart cities 96 intelligent transportation systems and cctv systems are also being developed 97 retractable bollards can restrict access inside city centers i e to delivery trucks resupplying outlet stores opening and closing of such barriers is traditionally done manually through an electronic pass 98 but can even be done by means of automatic number plate recognition cameras connected to the bollard system 99 human factors edit according to mckinsey smart city initiatives can have measurable positive impacts on the quality of life of its citizens and visitors 100 the human framework of a smart city its economy knowledge networks and human support systems is an important indicator of its success 101 for example arts and culture initiatives are common focus areas in smart city planning 102 103 innovation is associated with intellectual curiosity and creativeness and various projects have demonstrated that knowledge workers participate in a diverse mix of cultural and artistic activities 104 105 mobility is a key area of smart city development which necessitates the building of a capable workforce through education initiatives 101 clarification needed a city s learning capacity includes its education system including available workforce training and support and its cultural development and exchange 106 numerous smart city programs also focus on soft infrastructure development like increasing access to voluntary organizations and designated safe zones 107 this focus on social and relational capital means diversity inclusion and ubiquitous access to public services is worked into city planning 82 the development of a knowledge economy is also central to smart city projects 108 smart cities seeking to be hubs of economic activity in emerging tech and service sectors stress the value of innovation in city development 82 enabling technologies edit this section has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this article may contain an excessive number of citations please help improve it by removing low quality or irrelevant citations or redistribute them november 2024 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message smart cities leverage a number of technologies mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are a key technology allowing citizens to connect to the smart city services 109 110 111 smart homes and specifically the technology used in them contribute data and connection to smart cities as a whole 112 113 114 115 116 digital libraries have been established in several cities 117 118 119 120 121 122 and contribute to the dissemination of information within and across cities additional supporting technology and trends include remote work 123 124 125 telehealth 126 127 the blockchain 128 129 and online banking technology 130 a ubiquitous city u city is one concept of a smart city that provides access to public services through any connected device bringing easy accessibility to every infrastructure 131 criticism edit see also surveillance issues in smart cities criticisms of smart cities include 20 the use of big data collection and analytics raises questions over surveillance in smart cities particularly over predictive policing over...
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