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the late 1970s and following the publication of further research the discovery was widely accepted as a major breakthrough in theoretical physics hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics he supported the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics 23 24 he also introduced the notion of a micro black hole 25 hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general his book a brief history of time appeared on the sunday times bestseller list for a record breaking 237 weeks hawking was a fellow of the royal society a lifetime member of the pontifical academy of sciences and a recipient of the presidential medal of freedom the highest civilian award in the united states in 2002 hawking was ranked number 25 in the bbc s poll of the 100 greatest britons he died in 2018 at the age of 76 having lived more than 50 years following his diagnosis of motor neurone disease 26 early life family hawking with his parents 1942 stephen william hawking was born on 8 january 1942 27 28 in oxford to frank and isobel eileen hawking née walker 29 30 hawking s mother was born into a family of doctors in glasgow scotland 31 32 his wealthy paternal great grandfather from yorkshire over extended himself buying farm land and then went bankrupt in the great agricultural depression during the early 20th century 32 his paternal great grandmother saved the family from financial ruin by opening a school in their home 32 despite their families financial constraints both parents attended the university of oxford where frank read medicine and isobel read philosophy politics and economics 30 isobel worked as a secretary for a medical research institute and frank was a medical researcher specialising in tropical diseases 26 hawking said of his father i modelled myself on him because he was a scientific researcher i felt that scientific research was the natural thing to do when one grew up the only difference was that i was not attracted to medicine or biology because they seemed too inexact and descriptive i wanted something more fundamental and i found it in physics 33 in 1950 when hawking s father became head of the division of parasitology at the national institute for medical research the family moved to st albans hertfordshire 34 35 there the family was considered highly intelligent and somewhat eccentric 34 36 meals were often spent with each person silently reading a book 34 they lived a frugal existence in a large cluttered and poorly maintained house and travelled in a converted london taxicab 37 38 during one of hawking s father s frequent absences working in africa 39 the rest of the family spent four months in mallorca visiting his mother s friend beryl and her husband the poet robert graves 40 primary and secondary school years hawking began his schooling at the byron house school in highgate london he later blamed its progressive methods for his failure to learn to read while at the school 41 34 in st albans the eight year old hawking attended st albans high school for girls for a few months at that time younger boys could attend one of the houses 40 42 hawking attended two private i e fee paying schools first radlett school 42 and from september 1952 st albans school hertfordshire 28 43 after passing the eleven plus a year early 44 the family placed a high value on education 34 hawking s father wanted his son to attend westminster school but the 13 year old hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination his family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship so hawking remained at st albans 45 46 a positive consequence was that hawking remained close to a group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games the manufacture of fireworks model aeroplanes and boats 47 and long discussions about christianity and extrasensory perception 48 from 1958 on with the help of the mathematics teacher dikran tahta they built a computer from clock parts an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components 49 50 in 1959 he built a record player from spare parts my father would have regarded it as recklessly self indulgent to buy a record player but i persuaded him that i could assemble one from parts that i could buy cheap that appealed to him as a yorkshireman 33 although known at school as einstein hawking was not initially successful academically 51 with time he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and inspired by tahta decided to study mathematics at university 52 53 54 hawking s father advised him to study medicine concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates 55 he also wanted his son to attend university college oxford his own alma mater as it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time hawking decided to study physics and chemistry despite his headmaster s advice to wait until the next year hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in march 1959 56 57 undergraduate years in october 1959 at the age of 17 hawking began his university education at university college oxford 28 58 for the first eighteen months he was bored and lonely he found the academic work ridiculously easy 59 60 his physics tutor robert berman later said it was only necessary for him to know that something could be done and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it 3 a change occurred during his second and third years when according to berman hawking made more of an effort to be one of the boys he developed into a popular lively and witty student interested in classical music and science fiction 58 this partially resulted from his decision to join oxford s university college boat club where he coxed a rowing crew 61 62 the rowing coach at the time noted that hawking cultivated a daredevil image steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats 61 63 hawking estimated that he studied about 1 000 hours during his three years at oxford these unimpressive study habits made sitting his finals a challenge and he decided to answer only theoretical physics questions rather than those requiring factual knowledge a first class degree was a condition of acceptance for his planned graduate study in cosmology at the university of cambridge 64 65 anxious he slept poorly the night before the examinations and the result was on the borderline between first and second class honours making a viva oral examination with the oxford examiners necessary 65 66 hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student so when asked at the viva to describe his plans he said if you award me a first i will go to cambridge if i receive a second i shall stay in oxford so i expect you will give me a first 65 67 he was held in higher regard than he believed as berman commented the examiners were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves 65 after receiving a first class ba degree in physics and completing a trip to iran with a friend 68 he began his graduate work at trinity hall cambridge in october 1962 28 69 70 postgraduate years hawking s first year as a doctoral student was difficult he was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned dennis william sciama one of the founders of modern cosmology as a supervisor rather than the noted astronomer fred hoyle 71 72 and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology 73 after being diagnosed with motor neurone disease hawking fell into a depression although his doctors advised that he continue with his studies he felt there was little point 74 his disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted although hawking had difficulty walking unsupported and his speech was almost unintelligible an initial diagnosis that he had only two years to live proved unfounded with sciama s encouragement he returned to his work 75 76 hawking started developing a reputation for intelligence and brashness after a lecture in june 1964 at which he publicly challenged the work of hoyle and his student jayant narlikar 77 78 career 1966 1975 when hawking began his doctoral studies there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe the big bang and steady state theories 79 inspired by roger penrose s theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe and during 1965 he wrote his thesis on this topic 80 81 in the big bang theory regarding the origins of the universe the universe s expansion causes matter to dilute over time depicted left to right while in the steady state model continued matter creation ensures that the density remains constant over time a representation of gravity pulling space past the event horizon of a black hole and towards its gravitational singularity hawking s thesis properties of expanding universes was approved in 1966 82 83 he also received a research fellowship at gonville and caius college at cambridge 84 he obtained his phd degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics specialising in general relativity and cosmology in march 1966 85 and his essay singularities and the geometry of space time shared top honours with one by penrose to win that year s prestigious adams prize 86 85 in 1969 hawking accepted a specially created fellowship for distinction in science to remain at caius 87 collaborating with penrose hawking extended the singularity theorem concepts first explored in properties of expanding universes this included not only the existence of singularities but also the theory that the universe might have started as a singularity their joint essay was the runner up in the 1968 gravity research foundation competition 88 89 in 1970 they published a proof that if the universe obeys the theory of general relativity and fits any of the models of physical cosmology developed by alexander friedmann then it must have begun as a singularity 90 91 92 hawking s early 1970s work with brandon carter werner israel and david c robinson strongly supported john archibald wheeler s no hair theorem that regardless of how a black hole is formed it only exhibits three properties mass electrical charge and rotation 93 94 hawking s essay titled black holes won the gravity research foundation award in january 1971 95 his first book the large scale structure of space time written with george ellis was published in 1973 96 hawking was elected a fellow of the royal society frs in 1974 becoming one of the youngest scientists to become a fellow 97 98 in 1973 99 hawking and james m bardeen developed the four laws of black hole mechanics drawing an analogy with thermodynamics 100 hawking s second law mentions gravitational waves waves of warped spacetime caused by the changing gravitational field around two black holes merging 101 102 first proposed by oliver heaviside in 1893 they were theoretical until they were first observed in 2015 103 104 hawking s law states that even though black holes lose energy or have an entropy from gravitational waves and increasing angular momentum from their rotation which can both reduce its surface area the total surface area of two merged black holes must increase or remain the same 105 a simulation of a black hole merger a simulation showing gravitational waves waves of curved spacetime forming due to the changing gravitational field around a merger around this time hawking moved into the study of quantum gravity and quantum mechanics 106 96 this was spurred by a visit to moscow in which he talked with yakov zeldovich and alexei starobinsky whose work showed that according to the uncertainty principle rotating black holes emit particles 107 to hawking s annoyance his calculations to prove their work produced findings that contradicted his second law it did however support jacob bekenstein s 1972 theory that black holes have an entropy proportional to the area of the event horizon 107 108 109 hawking s law was nonetheless validated in 2025 by analysis of black hole merger gw250114 101 110 in 1974 hawking claimed that black holes emit radiation known today as hawking radiation which may continue until they exhaust their energy and evaporate 111 112 113 initially hawking radiation was controversial john g taylor dismissed it as absolute rubbish after a lecture by hawking following the publication of further research 114 115 by the late 1970s the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics 116 117 118 while some experimental teams have claimed detection of hawking radiation from acoustic 119 120 121 and optical analogues of black holes 122 123 124 some of these results remain in doubt 125 126 the search for hawking radiation from astrophysical ones continues in the twenty first century 127 a 2009 image of the black hole candidate cygnus x 1 by the chandra x ray observatory hawking was appointed to the sherman fairchild distinguished visiting professorship at the california institute of technology caltech in 1974 128 he worked with a friend on the faculty kip thorne 129 7 and engaged him in a scientific wager about whether the astrophysical x ray source cygnus x 1 in the cygnus constellation was a black hole for hawking the wager was an insurance policy against the possibility that black holes did not exist 128 hawking conceded he had lost the bet in 1990 this bet was the first of several he made with thorne and others 130 hawking maintained his ties to caltech spending a month there almost every year since this first visit 131 1975 1990 hawking returned to cambridge in 1975 to a more academically senior post as reader in gravitational physics the mid to late 1970s were a period of growing public interest in black holes and the physicists who were studying them hawking was regularly interviewed for print and television 132 133 he also received increasing academic recognition of his work 134 in 1975 he was awarded both the eddington medal and the pius xi gold medal 135 and in 1976 the dannie heineman prize the maxwell medal and prize and the hughes medal 136 137 he was appointed a professor with a chair in gravitational physics in 1977 138 the following year he received the albert einstein medal and an honorary doctorate from the university of oxford 139 134 in 1979 hawking was elected lucasian professor of mathematics at the university of cambridge 134 140 his inaugural lecture in this role was titled is the end in sight for theoretical physics and proposed n 8 supergravity as the leading theory to solve many of the outstanding problems physicists were studying 141 his promotion coincided with a health crisis which led to his accepting albeit reluctantly some nursing services at home 142 at the same time he 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