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eneral what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia human like robots valkyrie r5 a humanoid robot 1 from nasa a humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape the design may be aimed at functional purposes such as interacting with human tools and environments and working alongside humans for experimental purposes such as the study of bipedal locomotion 2 or for other purposes in general humanoid robots are characterized by their anthropomorphic design which includes a torso a head two arms and two legs some humanoid robots may have a more limited range of body replicas comprising only a subset of the above mentioned components the term android can refer to humanoid robots designed to closely resemble the human physique the term gynoid is sometimes used to refer to robots with a feminine appearance applications edit figure ai robot package handling medical and research edit humanoid robots are a valuable resource in the world of medicine and biotechnology as well as other fields of research such as biomechanics and cognitive science 3 humanoid robots are being used to develop complex prosthetics for individuals with physical disabilities such as missing limbs 4 the wabian 2 is a new medical humanoid robot created to help patients in the rehabilitation of their lower limbs 4 although the initial aim of humanoid research was to build better orthosis and prosthesis for human beings knowledge has been transferred between both disciplines a few examples are powered leg prosthesis for the neuromuscularly impaired ankle foot orthosis biological realistic leg prosthesis and forearm prosthesis humanoid robots can be used as test subjects for the practice and development of personalized healthcare aids essentially performing as robotic nurses for demographics such as the elderly 4 humanoids are also suitable for some procedurally based vocations such as reception desk administrators and automotive manufacturing line workers in essence since they can use tools and operate equipment and vehicles designed for the human form humanoids could theoretically perform any task a human being can so long as they have the proper software however the complexity of doing so is immense entertainment edit humanoid robots in a staged boxing match during a robotics exhibition humanoid robots have long appeared in entertainment and fiction from mythological figures such as prometheus to mechanical characters in early automata and science fiction films 3 in contemporary theme parks humanoid machines are widely used as sophisticated animatronics that mimic human motion facial expressions and speech research groups at walt disney imagineering have developed stuntronics free flying humanoid stunt doubles that use onboard sensing and control to perform aerial flips and poses during live shows allowing characters such as superheroes to execute stunts that would be dangerous for human performers 5 6 outside of theme parks humanoid robots increasingly appear in live sports style events and competitions in 2025 the chinese robotics company unitree live streamed what it billed as the first boxing tournament between humanoid robots with four g1 robots taking part in a small ring event that combined remote control with short autonomous sequences 7 the same year beijing hosted the inaugural world humanoid robot games where more than 500 robots from 280 teams competed in events such as soccer running and boxing and performed choreographed routines including hip hop and martial arts during the opening ceremony 8 whrg also advertises the capabilities of various manufacturers to investors and potential customers exhibition matches and tournaments with humanoid robot football teams have also been promoted as trials for future multi sport robot events 9 10 humanoid robots even performed as dancers during the opening ceremony of the 2026 asian beach games in sanya china humanoid robots have also been used as performers in concerts and televised shows at the 2025 voyagex music festival in changchun the pndbotics humanoid adam appeared on stage as a keytar player as part of a live band performance 11 earlier that year a chinese spring festival television gala featured a choreographed routine in which sixteen unitree h1 humanoid robots danced alongside human performers presented as a demonstration of the country s progress in humanoid robotics 12 these and similar appearances at music events and public festivals have been described as ways to familiarise audiences with humanoid robots while showcasing advances in dynamic control balance and human robot interaction 13 another example is the 2026 china media group spring festival gala 14 in july 2026 engineai debuted ultimate robot knock out legend urkl a professional combat league for human sized humanoid robots with a cash prize pool of 1 4 million dollars and a ten kilogram pure gold belt to be given to the champion the league issued engineai standardized t800 robots to all participating teams who competed by developing algorithms and strategies to help their robot beat their opponents during the opening matches a t800 landed a tornado kick that resulted in an opponent s head being decapitated 15 16 17 18 according to zhao tongyang engineai s ceo the competition was not solely for entertainment as data from the matches is used to further develop and improve the future generation of humanoids for commercial and industrial applications 19 various humanoid robots and their possible applications in daily life including service and companion roles are featured in the independent documentary film plug pray released in 2010 3 demonstrative edit ameca generation 1 pictured in the lab at engineered arts though many real world applications for humanoid robots are unexplored their primary use is to demonstrate up and coming technologies 20 modern examples of humanoid robots such as the honda asimo are revealed to the public in order to demonstrate new technological advancements in motor skills such as walking climbing and playing an instrument 20 other humanoid robots have been developed for household purposes however excel only in single purpose skills and are far from autonomous 20 humanoid robots especially those with artificial intelligence ai algorithms could be useful for future dangerous and or distant space exploration missions without having the need to turn back around again and return to earth once the mission is completed sensors edit a sensor is a device that measures some attribute of the world being one of the three primitives of robotics besides planning and control sensing plays an important role in robotic paradigms sensors can be classified according to the physical process with which they work or according to the type of measurement information that they give as output in this case the second approach was used 21 proprioceptive edit proprioceptive sensors sense the position orientation and speed of the humanoid s body and joints along with other internal values 22 in human beings the otoliths and semi circular canals in the inner ear are used to maintain balance and orientation 23 additionally humans use their own proprioceptive sensors e g touch muscle extension limb position to help with their orientation humanoid robots use accelerometers to measure the acceleration from which velocity can be calculated by integration 24 tilt sensors to measure inclination force sensors placed in robot s hands and feet to measure contact force with environment 25 position sensors that indicate the actual position of the robot from which the velocity can be calculated by derivation 26 and even speed sensors exteroceptive edit an artificial hand holding a lightbulb arrays of tactels can be used to provide data on what has been touched the shadow hand uses an array of 34 tactels arranged beneath its polyurethane skin on each finger tip 27 tactile sensors also provide information about forces and torques transferred between the robot and other objects computer vision refers to the processing of data from any modality which uses light to produce an image in humanoid robots it is used to recognize objects and determine their properties vision sensors work most similarly to the eyes of human beings most humanoid robots use charge coupled device cameras as vision sensors sound sensors allow humanoid robots to hear speech and environmental sounds akin to the ears of the human being microphones are usually used for the robots to convey speech actuators edit see also humanoid hand actuators are the motors responsible for motion in the robot 28 the most popular example of a humanoid robot using hydraulic actuators was the original atlas robot made by boston dynamics retired in 2024 humanoid robots are constructed in such a way that they mimic the human body they use actuators that perform like muscles and joints though with a different structure 28 the actuators of humanoid robots can be either electric pneumatic or hydraulic 29 30 it is ideal for these actuators to have high power low mass and small dimensions 30 electric edit electric actuators are the most popular types of actuators in humanoid robots 29 these actuators are smaller in size and a single electric actuator may not produce enough power for a human sized joint 29 therefore it is common to use multiple electric actuators for a single joint in a humanoid robot 29 an example of a humanoid robot using electric actuators is hrp 2 30 by 2026 the industry transitioned toward integrated joint modules that combine high torque brushless motors with strain wave gearing for increased power density hydraulic edit hydraulic actuators produce higher power than electric actuators and pneumatic actuators and they have the ability to control the torque they produce better than other types of actuators 30 however they can become very bulky in size 29 30 one solution to counter the size issue is electro hydrostatic actuators eha 30 the most popular example of a humanoid robot using hydraulic actuators is the atlas robot made by boston dynamics 30 31 pneumatic edit pneumatic actuators operate on the basis of gas compressibility 29 30 as they are inflated they expand along the axis and as they deflate they contract if one end is fixed the other will move in a linear trajectory a popular example of a pneumatic actuator is the mac kibben muscle 30 planning and control edit planning in robots is the process of planning out motions and trajectories for the robot to carry out 32 control is the actual execution of these planned motions and trajectories 32 in humanoid robots the planning must carry out biped motions meaning that robots should plan motions similar to a human 33 since one of the main uses of humanoid robots is to interact with humans it is important for the planning and control mechanisms of humanoid robots to work in a variety of terrain and environments 33 the question of walking biped robots stabilization on the surface is of great importance 34 maintenance of the robot s gravity center over the center of bearing area for providing a stable position can be chosen as a goal of control 34 to maintain dynamic balance during the walk a robot needs information about contact force and its current and desired motion 33 the solution to this problem relies on a major concept the zero moment point zmp 33 another characteristic of humanoid robots is that they move gather information using sensors on the real world and interact with it 35 they do not stay still like factory manipulators and other robots that work in highly structured environments 35 to allow humanoids to move in complex environments planning and control must focus on self collision detection path planning and obstacle avoidance 35 36 humanoid robots do not yet have some features of the human body 37 they include structures with variable flexibility which provide safety to the robot itself and to the people and redundancy of movements i e more degrees of freedom and therefore wide task availability 37 although these characteristics are desirable to humanoid robots they will bring more complexity and new problems to planning and control 38 the field of whole body control deals with these issues and addresses the proper coordination of numerous degrees of freedom e g to realize several control tasks simultaneously while following a given order of priority 39 40 some humanoid robots feature only the upper body which is typically mounted to a wheeled base 41 drastically reducing the risk of falling common to bipedal units 42 timeline of developments edit year subject notes 1898 nikola tesla publicly demonstrates his automaton technology by wirelessly controlling a model boat at the electrical exposition held at madison square garden in new york city during the height of the spanish american war 43 1921 czech writer karel čapek introduced the word robot in his play r u r which stands for rossum s universal robots the word robot comes from the word robota meaning in czech and polish labour drudgery 44 1927 maschinenmensch the maschinenmensch machine human a gynoid humanoid robot also called parody futura robotrix or the maria impersonator played by german actress brigitte helm one of the earliest humanoid robots ever to appear on film is depicted in fritz lang s film metropolis 1928 eric an electrical robot opens an exhibition of the society of model engineers at london s royal horticultural hall in london and tours the world 45 1939 elektro a humanoid robot built by the westinghouse electric corporation 46 1941 42 three laws of robotics isaac asimov formulates the three laws of robotics used in his robot science fiction stories and in the process of doing so coins the word robotics 47 1948 cybernetics norbert wiener formulates the principles of cybernetics the basis of practical robotics 48 1961 unimate the first digitally operated and programmable non humanoid robot is installed on a general motors assembly line to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them it was created by george devol and constructed by unimation the first robot manufacturing company 49 1967 to 1972 wabot 1 waseda university initiated the wabot project in 1967 and in 1972 completed the wabot 1 the world s first full scale humanoid intelligent robot 50 51 it was the first android able to walk communicate with a person in japanese with an artificial mouth measure distances and directions to the objects using external receptors artificial ears and eyes and grip and transport objects with hands 52 53 54 1969 d e whitney publishes his article resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prosthesis 55 1970 zero moment point miomir vukobratović proposed a theoretica...
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