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and see also ireland nato relations taoiseach micheál martin and us president donald trump at the white house washington d c in march 2025 foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the european union although bilateral relations with the united kingdom and united states are also important 91 it held the presidency of the council of the european union on six occasions most recently from january to june 2013 92 ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy thus the country is not a member of nato and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality this policy has led to the irish defence forces contributing to peace keeping missions with the united nations since 1960 including during the congo crisis and subsequently in cyprus lebanon and bosnia and herzegovina 93 despite irish neutrality during world war ii ireland had more than 50 000 participants in the war through enlistment in the british armed forces during the cold war irish military policy while ostensibly neutral was biased towards nato 94 during the cuban missile crisis seán lemass authorised the search of cuban and czechoslovak aircraft passing through shannon and passed the information to the cia 95 ireland s air facilities were used by the united states military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the 2003 invasion of iraq through shannon airport the airport had previously been used for the united states invasion of afghanistan in 2001 as well as the first gulf war 96 since 1999 ireland has been a member of nato s partnership for peace pfp program and nato s euro atlantic partnership council eapc which is aimed at creating trust between nato and other states in europe and the former soviet union 97 98 military main article defence forces ireland see also irish neutrality irish army soldiers as part of kosovo force 2010 ireland is a neutral country 99 and has triple lock rules governing the participation of irish troops in conflict zones whereby approval must be given by the un the dáil and government 100 accordingly its military role is limited to national self defence and participation in united nations peacekeeping the irish defence forces óglaigh na héireann are made up of the army naval service air corps and reserve defence force it is small but well equipped with almost 10 000 full time military personnel and over 2 000 in reserve 101 102 daily deployments of the defence forces cover aid to civil power operations protection and patrol of irish territorial waters and eez by the irish naval service and un eu and pfp peace keeping missions by 1996 over 40 000 irish service personnel had served in international un peacekeeping missions 103 the irish air corps is the air component of the defence forces and operates sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters the irish naval service is ireland s navy and operates six patrol ships and smaller numbers of inflatable boats and training vessels and has armed boarding parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit of frogmen the military includes the reserve defence forces army reserve and naval service reserve for part time reservists ireland s special forces include the army ranger wing which trains and operates with international special operations units the president is the formal supreme commander of the defence forces but in practice these forces answer to the government via the minister for defence 104 in 2017 ireland signed the united nations treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons 105 economy main article economy of the republic of ireland ireland is an open economy and ranks first for high value foreign direct investment fdi flows 106 ireland ranks 5th of 187 imf and 6th of 175 world bank in gdp per capita as well as ranking in the top ten for gni per capita an alternative metric known as modified gross national income gni was created by the central statistics office and is used by the irish government to give a view of activity in the domestic economy after stripping out large multinational export movements which can often relate to intangible assets 107 this is particularly relevant in ireland s economy as gdp disproportionately includes income from non irish owned companies which often flows out of ireland 108 foreign multinationals are the main driver of ireland s economy employing a quarter of the private sector workforce 109 and paying 80 of irish corporate taxes 110 111 112 14 of ireland s top 20 firms by 2017 turnover are us based multinationals 113 and 80 of foreign multinationals in ireland are from the us 114 115 113 ireland is part of the eu dark blue purple and eurozone dark blue ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along with eleven other eu member states 70 116 following the great recession and the bursting of the irish property bubble the country officially exited recession in 2010 driven by a growth in exports from us multinationals in ireland 117 however due to a rise in the cost of public borrowing due to government guarantees of private banking debt the irish government accepted an 85 billion programme of assistance from the eu international monetary fund imf and bilateral loans from the united kingdom sweden and denmark 118 following three years of contraction the economy grew by 0 7 in 2011 and 0 9 in 2012 119 the median equivalised disposable income was 31 392 ppp per year in 2021 120 the unemployment rate was 14 7 in 2012 including 18 5 among recent immigrants 121 in march 2016 the unemployment rate was reported by the cso to be 8 6 down from a peak unemployment rate of 15 1 in february 2012 122 in addition to unemployment net emigration from ireland between 2008 and 2013 totalled 120 100 123 or some 2 6 of the total population according to the census of ireland 2011 one third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and 24 123 by november 2022 unemployment had fallen back to 4 4 124 needs update ireland exited its eu imf bailout programme on 15 december 2013 125 having implemented budget cuts reforms and sold assets ireland was again able to access debt markets since then ireland has been able to sell long term bonds at record rates 126 however the stabilisation of the irish credit bubble required a large transfer of debt from the private sector balance sheet highest oecd leverage to the public sector balance sheet almost unleveraged pre crisis via irish bank bailouts and public deficit spending 127 128 the transfer of this debt means that ireland in 2017 still has one of the highest levels of both public sector indebtedness and private sector indebtedness in the eu 28 oecd 129 130 131 132 133 134 ireland became one of the main destinations for us pharmaceutical corporate tax inversions from 2009 to 2016 135 136 the country has also become the largest foreign location for large us technology multinationals i e apple google microsoft facebook which delivered a gdp growth rate of 26 3 and gnp growth rate of 18 7 in 2015 this growth was subsequently shown to be due to apple restructuring its double irish subsidiary apple sales international currently under threat of a 13bn eu illegal state aid fine for preferential tax treatment taxation policy the transformation of ireland s tax policy started with the creation of a 10 low tax special economic zone called the international financial services centre ifsc in 1987 137 in 2003 the ifsc was expanded nationwide with the reduction of irish corporation tax from 32 to 12 5 138 139 this accelerated the later stages of ireland s transition from a predominantly agricultural economy into a knowledge and service economy focused on attracting mainly us multinationals from high tech life sciences and financial services industries seeking to avail of ireland s low corporation tax rates and favourable corporate tax system the multinational tax planning schemes corporations use in ireland have materially affected irish economic statistics this reached a climax with what paul krugman termed leprechaun economics with double digit gdp growth rates in 2015 relating largely to apple restructuring its irish subsidiaries the central bank of ireland introduced additional statistics based on a modified gross national income to remove these distortions 140 141 142 143 144 from the creation of the ifsc the country experienced strong and sustained economic growth which fuelled a dramatic rise in irish consumer borrowing and spending and irish construction and investment which became known as the celtic tiger period 145 146 by 2007 ireland had the highest private sector debt in the oecd with a household debt to disposable income ratio of 190 global capital markets which had financed ireland s build up of debt in the celtic tiger period by enabling irish banks to borrow in excess of the domestic deposit base to over 180 at peak 147 withdrew support in the 2008 financial crisis their withdrawal from the over borrowed irish credit system would precipitate a deep irish property correction which then led to the post 2008 irish banking crisis 148 145 the country s successful low tax economy opens it to accusations of ireland being a corporate haven 149 150 151 152 153 a 2017 study ranks ireland as the 5th largest global conduit ofc which legally route funds to tax havens the eu s 2018 digital sales tax dst 154 and the desire for a common consolidated corporate tax base 155 was seen partially as an attempt to restrict multinational tax schemes 156 157 158 trade the international financial services centre in dublin although multinational corporations dominate ireland s export sector exports from other sources also contribute significantly to the national income and particularly to employment and local economies outside of the major cities the activities of multinational companies based in ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents medical devices and software related goods and services in the world ireland s exports also relate to the activities of large irish companies such as ryanair kerry group smurfit kappa and increasingly irish based aircraft lessors such as avolon the country exports mineral resources including zinc and lead concentrates and also has significant deposits of gypsum and smaller quantities of copper aluminium oxide silver gold barite and dolomite 70 tourism in ireland contributes about 4 of gdp and is a significant source of employment other goods exports include agri food such as cattle beef sheep and dairy products ireland s major imports include data processing equipment chemicals petroleum and petroleum products textiles and clothing financial services provided by multinational corporations based at the irish financial services centre also contribute to irish exports the eu is by far the country s largest trading partner accounting for 57 9 of exports and 60 7 of imports prior to brexit the united kingdom was the most important trading partner within the eu accounting for 15 4 of exports and 32 1 of imports outside the eu the united states accounted for 23 2 of exports and 14 1 of imports in 2010 159 energy main article energy in ireland a wind farm in county wexford esb bord gáis energy and airtricity are the three main electricity and gas suppliers in ireland there are 19 82 billion cubic metres of proven reserves of gas 70 160 natural gas extraction previously occurred at the kinsale head until its exhaustion the corrib gas field was due to come on stream in 2013 14 in 2012 the barryroe field was confirmed to have up to 1 6 billion barrels of oil in reserve with between 160 and 600 million recoverable 161 that could provide for ireland s entire energy needs for up to 13 years when it is developed in 2015 16 there have been significant efforts to increase the use of renewable and sustainable forms of energy in ireland particularly in wind power with 3 000 megawatts 162 of wind farms being constructed some for the purpose of export 163 the sustainable energy authority of ireland seai has estimated that 6 5 of ireland s 2011 energy requirements were produced by renewable sources 164 the seai has also reported an increase in energy efficiency in ireland with a 28 reduction in carbon emissions per house from 2005 to 2013 165 in 2021 ireland was the 24th largest wind energy producer in the world and the 3rd ranked in 2020 on a per capita basis 166 transport main articles transport in ireland rail transport in ireland and roads in ireland the country s three main international airports at dublin shannon and cork serve many european and intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights the london to dublin air route is the ninth busiest international air route in the world and also the busiest international air route in europe with 14 500 flights between the two in 2017 167 168 in 2015 4 5 million people took the route at that time the world s second busiest 167 aer lingus is the flag carrier of ireland although ryanair is the country s largest airline ryanair is europe s largest low cost carrier 169 the second largest in terms of passenger numbers and the world s largest in terms of international passenger numbers 170 iarnród éireann trains at heuston station railway services are provided by iarnród éireann irish rail which operates all internal intercity commuter and freight railway services in the country dublin is the centre of the network with two main stations heuston station and connolly station linking to the country s cities and main towns the enterprise service which runs jointly with northern ireland railways connects dublin and belfast the whole of ireland s mainline network operates on track with a gauge of 5 ft 3 in 1 600 mm which is unique in europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs dublin s public transport network includes the dart luas dublin bus and dublinbikes 171 motorways national primary roads and national secondary roads are managed by transport infrastructure ireland while regional roads and local roads are managed by the local authorities in each of their respective areas the road network is primarily focused on the capital but motorways connect it to other major irish cities including cork limerick waterford and galway 172 dublin is served by major infrastructure such as the east link and west link toll bridges as well as the dublin port tunnel the jack lynch tunnel under the river lee in cork and the limerick tunnel under the river shannon were two major projects outside dublin 173 demographics main article demographics of the republic of ireland see also historical population of ireland population of ireland since 1951 genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers migrated from iberia following the most recent ice age 174 after the mesolithic neolithic and bronze age migrants introduced a celtic language and culture migrants from the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of most irish people 175 176 gaelic tradition expanded and became the dominant form over time irish peo...
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