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on in rome and with the armies at the front citation needed alternatively trajan s military background meant he understood the importance of strengthening the empire s frontiers citation needed his vision for future conquests required the improvement of surveillance networks defences and transport along the danube 51 page needed prior to his frontier tours trajan ordered praetorian prefect aelianus to attend him in germany where he was apparently executed forthwith put out of the way 52 and his now vacant post taken by attius suburanus 53 trajan s accession therefore could qualify more as a successful coup than an orderly succession 54 emperor 98 117 edit roman imperial dynasties aureus of trajan nerva antonine dynasty ad 96 192 chronology nerva 96 98 trajan 98 117 hadrian 117 138 antoninus pius 138 161 lucius verus 161 169 marcus aurelius 161 180 commodus 177 192 family nerva antonine family tree category nerva antonine dynasty succession preceded by flavian dynasty followed by year of the five emperors v t e trajan s belated ceremonial entry into rome in 99 was notably understated something on which pliny the younger elaborated 55 on his entry to rome he granted the plebs a direct gift of money the traditional donative to the troops however was reduced by half 56 the senate edit there remained the issue of the strained relations between the emperor and the senate especially after the supposed bloodiness that had marked domitian s reign and his dealings with the curia by not openly supporting domitian s preference for equestrian officers 57 trajan appeared to conform to the idea developed by pliny that an emperor derived his legitimacy from his adherence to traditional hierarchies and senatorial morals 58 and by feigning reluctance to hold power trajan was able to start building a consensus around him in the senate 59 therefore he could point to the allegedly republican character of his rule 60 in a speech at the inauguration of his third consulship on 1 january 100 trajan exhorted the senate to share the care taking of the empire with him an event later celebrated on a coin 61 62 in reality trajan did not share power in any meaningful way with the senate something that pliny admits candidly e verything depends on the whims of a single man who on behalf of the common welfare has taken upon himself all functions and all tasks 63 64 one of the most significant trends of his reign was his encroachment on the senate s sphere of authority such as his decision to make the senatorial provinces of achaea and bithynia into imperial ones in order to deal with the inordinate spending on public works by local magnates 65 and the general mismanagement of provincial affairs by various proconsuls appointed by the senate 66 page needed optimus princeps edit a statue of trajan posing in military garb in front of the amphitheatre of colonia ulpia traiana in the xanten archaeological park in modern day germany according to the ethics for autocracy developed by most political writers of the imperial roman age trajan was a good ruler in that he ruled less by fear and more by acting as a role model for example in the formula developed by pliny trajan was a good emperor in that by himself he approved or blamed the same things that the senate would have approved or blamed 67 and in his words men learn better from examples 68 the idea is that trajan wielded autocratic power through moderatio instead of contumacia moderation instead of insolence 69 and if in reality trajan was an autocrat his deferential behavior towards his peers qualified him to be viewed as a virtuous monarch 70 eventually trajan s popularity among his peers was such that the roman senate bestowed upon him the honorific of optimus meaning the best 71 page needed 72 page needed which appears on coins from 105 on 73 this title had mostly to do with trajan s role as benefactor such as in the case of his returning confiscated property 74 the epithet optimus princeps had already been used for the emperors since the late republic but trajan was the only one officially honoured by the title 75 pliny states that trajan s ideal role was a conservative one argued as well by the orations of dio chrysostom in particular his four orations on kingship composed early during trajan s reign dio as a greek notable and intellectual with friends in high places and possibly an official friend to the emperor latin amicus caesaris saw trajan as a defender of the status quo 76 77 in his third kingship oration dio describes an ideal king ruling by means of friendship that is through patronage and a network of local notables who act as mediators between the ruled and the ruler 78 dio s notion of being friend to trajan or any other roman emperor however was that of an informal arrangement that involved no formal entry of such friends into the roman administration 79 greek roman relations edit see also greece in the roman era and greco roman relations in classical antiquity bust of trajan wearing the civic crown glyptothek munich as a senatorial emperor trajan was inclined to choose his local base of political support from among the members of the ruling urban oligarchies in the west that meant local senatorial families like his own in the east it meant the families of greek notables to this end trajan ingratiated himself with the greek intellectual elite by recalling to rome many including dio who had been exiled by domitian 80 81 and by returning in a process begun by nerva a great deal of private property that domitian had confiscated he also had good dealings with plutarch who as a notable of delphi seems to have been favoured by the decisions taken on behalf of his home place by one of trajan s legates who had arbitrated a boundary dispute between delphi and its neighbouring cities 82 however it was clear to trajan that greek intellectuals and notables were to be regarded as tools for local administration and not be allowed to fancy themselves in a privileged position 83 as pliny said in one of his letters at the time it was official policy that greek civic elites be treated according to their status as notionally free but not put on an equal footing with their roman rulers 84 when the city of apamea complained of an audit of its accounts by pliny alleging its free status as a roman colony trajan replied by writing that it was by his own wish that such inspections had been ordered concern about independent local political activity is seen in trajan s decision to forbid nicomedia from having a corps of firemen if people assemble for a common purpose they soon turn it into a political society trajan wrote to pliny as well as in his and pliny s fears about excessive civic generosities by local notables such as distribution of money or gifts 85 incomplete short citation 86 pliny s letters suggest that trajan and his aides were as much bored as they were alarmed by the claims of dio and other greek notables to political influence based on what they saw as their special connection to their roman overlords 87 the greeks had their own memories of independence a commonly acknowledged sense of cultural superiority and instead of seeing themselves as roman disdained roman rule 88 what the greek oligarchies wanted from rome was above all to be left in peace to be allowed to exert their right to self government i e to be excluded from the provincial government as was italy and to concentrate on their local interests 89 this was something the romans were not disposed to do as from their perspective the greek notables were shunning their responsibilities in regard to the management of imperial affairs primarily in failing to keep the common people under control thus creating the need for the roman governor to intervene 90 on the local level among the lower section of the eastern propertied 91 the alienation of most greek notables and intellectuals towards roman rule and the fact that the romans were seen by most such greek notables as aliens persisted well after trajan s reign 92 an excellent example of this greek alienation was the personal role played by trajan in his relationship with dio of prusa dio is described by philostratus as trajan s close friend and trajan as supposedly engaging publicly in conversations with dio 93 nevertheless as a greek local magnate with a taste for costly building projects and pretensions of being an important political agent for rome 94 dio of prusa was actually a target for correctores however while pliny does tell of dio of prusa placing a statue of trajan in a building complex where dio s wife and son were buried therefore incurring a charge of treason for placing the emperor s statue near a grave trajan dropped the charge 95 it must also be added that although trajan was wary of the civic oligarchies in the greek cities he also admitted into the senate at least fourteen prominent eastern notables who had been already slated for promotion during domitian s reign by reserving for them one of the twenty posts open each year for minor magistrates the vigintiviri 96 such unprecedented recruitment number opens to question the issue of the traditionally roman character of his reign as well as the hellenism of his successor hadrian 97 but then trajan s new eastern senators were mostly very powerful and very wealthy men with more than local influence 98 and much interconnected by marriage so that many of them were not altogether new to the senate 99 prominent eastern senators included the galatian notable and leading member of the greek community according to one inscription gaius julius severus who was a descendant of several hellenistic dynasts and client kings 100 101 and grandfather of the prominent general gaius julius quadratus bassus consul in 105 102 gaius julius alexander berenicianus a descendant of herod the great suffect consul in 116 103 and the athenian gaius julius antiochus epiphanes philopappos a member of the royal house of commagene who left behind him a funeral monument on the mouseion hill that was later disparagingly described by pausanias as a monument built to a syrian man 104 local notables building projects edit a bust of trajan chiaramonti museum roman authorities liked to play the greek cities against one another 105 something of which dio of prusa was fully aware b y their public acts the roman governors have branded you as a pack of fools yes they treat you just like children for we often offer children the most trivial things in place of things of greatest worth in place of justice in place of the freedom of the cities from spoliation or from the seizure of the private possessions of their inhabitants in place of their refraining from insulting you your governors hand you titles and call you first either by word of mouth or in writing that done they may thenceforth with impunity treat you as being the very last 106 107 this sort of competition came with many undesired effects for those same roman authorities rivalry among greek cities and their ruling oligarchies was mainly for marks of pre eminence especially for titles bestowed by the roman emperor such titles were ordered in a ranking system that determined how the cities were to be outwardly treated by rome 108 the usual form that such rivalries took was that of grandiose building plans giving the cities the opportunity to vie with each other over extravagant needless structures that would make a show 109 such extravagant spending meant that junior and thus less wealthy members of the local oligarchies felt disinclined to present themselves to fill posts as local magistrates positions that involved ever increasing personal expense 110 additionally inordinate spending on civic buildings was a means to achieve local superiority and a way for the local greek elites to maintain a separate cultural identity something expressed in the contemporary rise of the second sophistic this cultural patriotism acted as a kind of substitute for the loss of political independence 111 and as such was shunned by roman authorities 112 as trajan himself wrote to pliny these poor greeks all love a gymnasium they will have to content with one that suits their real needs 113 an example of yet another challenge this system posed to the romans can be taken from prusa an embassy from dio s city of prusa was not favourably received by trajan 114 this had to do with dio s chief objective which was to elevate prusa to the status of a free city an independent city state exempt from paying taxes to rome 115 eventually dio gained for prusa the right to become the head of the assize district conventus meaning that prusans did not have to travel to be judged by the roman governor but eleutheria freedom in the sense of full political autonomy was denied 116 eventually it fell to pliny as imperial governor of bithynia in ad 110 to deal with the consequences of the financial mess wrought by dio and his fellow civic officials 117 it s well established that the cities finances are in a state of disorder pliny once wrote to trajan plans for unnecessary works made in collusion with local contractors being identified as one of the main problems 118 this was obviously an issue for roman authorities interested in assuring the cities solvency and therefore ready collection of imperial taxes 119 one of the compensatory measures proposed by pliny expressed a thoroughly roman conservative position as the cities financial solvency depended on the councilmen s purses it was necessary to have more councilmen on the local city councils according to pliny the best way to achieve this was to lower the minimum age for holding a seat on the council making it possible for more sons of the established oligarchical families to join and thus contribute to civic spending this was seen as preferable to enrolling non noble wealthy upstarts 120 such an increase in the number of council members was granted to dio s city of prusa to the dismay of existing councilmen who felt their status lowered 121 a similar situation existed in claudiopolis where a public bath was built with the proceeds from the entrance fees paid by supernumerary members of the council enrolled with trajan s permission 122 according to the digest trajan decreed that when a city magistrate promised to achieve a particular public building his heirs inherited responsibility for its completion 123 correctores edit imperial correctores one of trajan s authoritarian innovations were appointed to audit the civic finances 124 of the technically free greek cities 125 with the goal to curb the overenthusiastic spending on public works that served to channel ancient rivalries between neighbouring cities but as pliny wrote to trajan this had as its most visible consequence a trail of unfinished or ill kept public utilities 126 the first known corrector was charged with a commission to deal with the situation of the free cities as it was felt that the old method of ad hoc intervention by the empero...
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