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further criticized allied countries suggesting their actions could cause the demise of nato 105 the german foreign ministry pointed to a considerable german contribution to nato and nato led operations and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by president obama 106 while the mission was extended into september norway that day 10 june announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 august 107 earlier that week it was reported danish air fighters were running out of bombs 108 109 the following week the head of the royal navy said the country s operations in the conflict were not sustainable 110 by the end of the mission in october 2011 after the death of colonel gaddafi nato planes had flown about 9 500 strike sorties against pro gaddafi targets 111 112 a report from the organization human rights watch in may 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign 113 following a coup d état attempt in october 2013 libyan prime minister ali zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from nato to assist with ongoing security issues nato agreed to create a small brussels based advisory team to help libya strengthen its security forces 114 turkish border main article operation active fence us and nato patriot missile batteries in turkey use of article 5 has been threatened multiple times and four out of seven official article 4 consultations have been called due to spillover in turkey from the syrian civil war in april 2012 turkish prime minister recep tayyip erdoğan considered invoking article 5 of the nato treaty to protect turkish national security in a dispute over the syrian civil war 115 116 the alliance responded quickly and a spokesperson said the alliance was monitoring the situation very closely and will continue to do so and takes it very seriously protecting its members 117 after the shooting down of a turkish military jet by syria in june 2012 and syrian forces shelling turkish cities in october 2012 118 resulting in two article 4 consultations nato approved operation active fence in the past decade the conflict has only escalated in response to the 2015 suruç bombing which turkey attributed to isis and other security issues along its southern border 119 120 121 122 turkey called for an emergency meeting the latest consultation happened in february 2020 as part of increasing tensions due to the northwestern syria offensive which involved 123 syrian and suspected russian airstrikes on turkish troops and risked direct confrontation between russia and a nato member 124 eastern flank main article operation eastern sentry operation eastern sentry is a nato military initiative launched in response to russian drone incursions into polish airspace in september 2025 125 the operation aims to strengthen the alliance s eastern flank and deter further aggression multiple member states are contributing military assets including fighter jets and naval units to enhance air and ground defense capabilities eastern sentry is designed to provide a flexible and agile response to threats with a focus on countering drone technology membership main article member states of nato the 32 nato members are albania belgium bulgaria canada croatia czech republic denmark estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland italy latvia lithuania luxembourg montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania slovakia slovenia spain sweden turkey united kingdom united states nato members membership action plan enhanced opportunities partners individual partnership action plan partnership for peace mediterranean dialogue istanbul cooperation initiative global partners albania belgium bulgaria canada croatia czech republic denmark estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland italy latvia lithuania luxembourg montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania slovakia slovenia spain sweden turkey united kingdom united states bosnia and herzegovina australia georgia jordan ukraine armenia azerbaijan bosnia and herzegovina georgia kazakhstan moldova serbia ukraine armenia austria azerbaijan belarus suspended bosnia and herzegovina georgia ireland kazakhstan kyrgyzstan malta moldova russia suspended serbia switzerland tajikistan turkmenistan ukraine uzbekistan algeria egypt israel jordan mauritania morocco tunisia bahrain kuwait qatar united arab emirates australia colombia iraq japan mongolia new zealand pakistan south korea member states of nato are not obligated to come to the defence of territory south of the tropic of cancer nato has thirty two members mostly in europe with two in north america nato s area of responsibility within which attacks on member states are eligible for an article 5 response is defined under article 6 of the north atlantic treaty to include member territory in europe north america turkey and islands in the north atlantic north of the tropic of cancer attacks on vessels aircraft and other forces in the north atlantic again north of the tropic of cancer and the mediterranean sea may also provoke an article 5 response 126 during the original treaty negotiations the us insisted that colonies such as the belgian congo be excluded from the treaty 127 128 french algeria was however covered until its independence on 3 july 1962 129 twelve of these thirty two are original members who joined in 1949 while the other twenty joined in one of ten enlargement rounds 130 special arrangements the three nordic countries which joined nato as founding members denmark iceland and norway chose to limit their participation in three areas there would be no permanent peacetime bases no nuclear warheads and no allied military activity unless invited permitted on their territory however denmark allows the us space force to maintain pituffik space base in greenland 131 from the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s france pursued a military strategy of independence from nato under a policy dubbed gaullo mitterrandism 132 nicolas sarkozy negotiated the return of france to the integrated military command and the defence planning committee in 2009 the latter being disbanded the following year france remains the only nato member outside the nuclear planning group and unlike the us and the uk will not commit its nuclear armed submarines to the alliance 20 35 enlargement main article enlargement of nato nato has added 16 new members since german reunification and the end of the cold war nato was established on 4 april 1949 by the signing of the north atlantic treaty washington treaty the 12 founding members of the alliance were belgium canada denmark france iceland italy luxembourg the netherlands norway portugal the united kingdom and the united states 133 four new members joined during the cold war greece 1952 turkey 1952 west germany 1955 and spain 1982 following the dissolution of the soviet union many former warsaw pact and post soviet states sought membership in 1990 the territory of the former east germany was added with the reunification of germany at the 1999 washington summit hungary poland and the czech republic officially joined and nato issued new guidelines for membership with individualized membership action plans these plans governed the addition of new members bulgaria estonia latvia lithuania romania slovakia and slovenia in 2004 albania and croatia in 2009 montenegro in 2017 and north macedonia in 2020 134 finland and sweden are the newest members joining in 2023 and 2024 respectively spurred on by the russo ukrainian war 135 136 ukraine s relationship with nato began with the nato ukraine action plan in 2002 137 in 2005 russian president vladimir putin said that if ukraine joined nato we will respect their choice because it is their sovereign right to decide their own defence policy and this will not worsen relations between our countries 138 however since his 2007 munich speech putin has strongly opposed further enlargement in 2010 under president viktor yanukovych ukraine re affirmed its non aligned status and renounced aspirations of joining nato 139 during the 2014 ukrainian revolution russia occupied crimea and supported armed separatists in eastern ukraine because of this in december 2014 ukraine s parliament voted to end its non aligned status 140 and in 2019 it enshrined the goal of nato membership in the constitution 141 142 at the june 2021 brussels summit nato leaders affirmed that ukraine would eventually join and supported ukraine s right to self determination without interference 143 in late 2021 there was another massive russian military buildup on ukraine s borders russian president putin warned that ukraine joining nato and the deployment of missile defense systems or long range missiles in ukraine would cross a red line however ukraine was a long way from potential membership and there were no such plans to deploy missiles 144 145 146 the russian foreign ministry drafted a treaty that would forbid ukraine or any former soviet state from ever joining nato 147 secretary general stoltenberg replied that the decision is up to ukraine and nato members adding russia has no veto and russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbors 148 149 nato offered to improve communications with russia and discuss missile placements and military exercises as long as russia withdrew troops from ukraine s borders 150 however relations diminished after the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine ukraine applied for nato membership in september 2022 after russia proclaimed it had annexed the country s southeast 151 georgia was promised future membership during the 2008 summit in bucharest 152 but us president barack obama said in 2014 that the country was not currently on a path to membership 153 protestors at a february 2022 rally against russia s invasion of ukraine march past the statue of tsar alexander ii in senate square in helsinki finland russian leaders have said that nato enlargement went against informal understandings between soviet leader mikhail gorbachev and european and us negotiators that allowed for peaceful german reunification 154 a june 2016 levada center poll found that 68 percent of russians think that deploying nato troops in the baltic states and poland former eastern bloc countries bordering russia is a threat to russia 155 in contrast 65 percent of poles surveyed in a 2017 needs update pew research center report identified russia as a major threat with an average of 31 percent saying so across all nato countries 156 and 67 percent of poles surveyed in 2018 needs update favour us forces being based in poland 157 of non cis eastern european countries surveyed by gallup in 2016 needs update all but serbia and montenegro were more likely than not to view nato as a protective alliance rather than a threat 158 a 2006 study in the journal security studies argued that nato enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in central and eastern europe 159 china also opposes further expansion 160 nato defence expenditure direct contributions member states pay for nato s three common funds the civil and military budgets and the security investment programme based on a cost sharing formula that includes per capita gross national income and other factors 161 162 in 2023 2024 the us and germany were the biggest contributors to the nato budget at 16 2 each 162 163 indirect contributions member states pay for and maintain their own troops and equipment 162 163 they contribute to nato operations and missions by committing troops and equipment on a voluntary basis 163 since 2006 the goal has been for each country to spend at least 2 percent of its gross domestic product on its own defence in 2014 a nato declaration said that countries not meeting the goal would aim to move towards the 2 percent guideline within a decade 162 164 in july 2022 nato estimated that 11 members would meet the target in 2023 164 on 14 february 2024 nato secretary general jens stoltenberg said that 18 member states would meet the 2 target in 2024 165 on 17 june 2024 prior to the 2024 washington summit stoltenberg updated that figure and announced that a record 23 of 32 nato member states were meeting their defense spending targets of 2 of their country s gdp 166 167 nato added that defense spending for european member states and canada was up 18 in the past year alone 166 167 as of 2024 the following countries were not meeting the 2 contribution goal spain 1 28 luxembourg 1 29 slovenia 1 29 belgium 1 3 canada 1 37 italy 1 49 portugal 1 55 and croatia 1 81 168 partnerships with third countries main article foreign relations of nato partnership for peace conducts multinational military exercises such as cooperative archer which took place in tbilisi in july 2007 with 500 servicemen from four nato members eight pfp members and jordan a mediterranean dialogue participant 169 the partnership for peace pfp programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and nato each country may choose the extent of its participation 170 members include all current and former members of the commonwealth of independent states 171 the euro atlantic partnership council eapc was first established on 29 may 1997 and is a forum for regular coordination consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants 172 the pfp programme is considered the operational wing of the euro atlantic partnership 170 other third countries have also been contacted for participation in some activities of the pfp framework such as afghanistan 173 the european union eu signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with nato under the berlin plus agreement on 16 december 2002 with this agreement the eu was given the possibility of using nato assets if it wanted to act independently in an international crisis on the condition that nato itself did not want to act the so called right of first refusal 174 for example article 42 7 of the 1982 treaty of lisbon specifies that if a member state is the victim of armed aggression on its territory the other member states shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power the treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas nato is restricted under its article 6 to operations north of the tropic of cancer it provides a double framework for the eu countries that are also linked with the pfp programme 175 176 additionally nato cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non nato members the mediterranean dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with israel and countries in north africa the istanbul cooperation initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialogue forum for the middle east along the same lines as the mediterranean dialogue the four participants are also linked through the gulf cooperation council 177 in june 2018 qatar expressed a wish to join nato 178 who ruled it out saying that ...
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