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for the degree of doctor of philosophy in linguistics the university of sydney thesis p 215 ff 1 2 stokoe william c 1987 beginnings of connected language in van cleve john v ed sign languages gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness vol 3 new york mcgraw hill book company pp 36 37 isbn 9780070792296 oclc 13821696 1 2 3 taub s 2001 language from the body new york cambridge university press fabian bross 2016 chereme archived 2018 03 17 at the wayback machine in hall t a pompino marschall b ed dictionaries of linguistics and communication science volume phonetics and phonology berlin new york mouton de gruyter vicars bill american sign language parameters asl university bill vicars archived from the original on 2021 11 29 retrieved 2021 08 13 emmorey k 2002 language cognition and the brain insights from sign language research mahwah n j lawrence erlbaum associates janse mark borkent hans tol sijmen eds 1990 linguistic bibliography for the year 1988 leiden netherlands brill pp 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language washington d c gallaudet university press 1 2 meir i 2010 iconicity and metaphor constraints on metaphorical extension of iconic forms language 86 4 865 96 doi 10 1353 lan 2010 0044 s2cid 117619041 brentari diane 1998 a prosodic model of sign language phonology cambridge massachusetts mit press brentari diane 2002 modality differences in sign language phonology and morphophonemics in p meier kearsy cormier david quinto pozos eds modality and structure in signed and spoken languages pp 35 36 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511486777 003 isbn 978 0 511 48677 7 ulrike zeshan escobedo delgado cesar ernesto dikyuva hasan panda sibaji de vos connie 2013 cardinal numerals in rural sign languages approaching cross modal typology linguistic typology 17 3 doi 10 1515 lity 2013 0019 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0013 b2e1 b s2cid 145616039 emmorey karen 2002 language cognition and the brain mahwah n j lawrence erlbaum associates mayberry rachel the critical period for language acquisition and the deaf child s language comprehension a psycholinguistic approach pdf acfos archived pdf from the original on 2017 12 01 reilly judy 2005 how faces come to serve grammar the development of nonmanual morphology in american sign language in brenda schick marc marschack patricia elizabeth spencer eds advances in the sign language development of deaf children cary n c oxford university press pp 262 290 isbn 978 0 19 803996 9 hopkins jason 2008 choosing how to write sign language a sociolinguistic perspective international journal of the sociology of language 192 75 90 doi 10 1515 ijsl 2008 036 s2cid 145429638 stokoe william c dorothy c casterline carl g croneberg 1965 a dictionary of american sign language on linguistic principles washington d c gallaudet college press herrero blanco ángel l 2003 escritura alfabética de la lengua de signos española once lecciones alfaro juan josé cascales inmaculada san vicente del raspeig alicante publicaciones de la universidad de alicante isbn 978 1 282 57496 0 oclc 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archival service link frishberg nancy 1987 ghanaian in van cleve john v ed gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness vol 3 new york mcgraw hill book company pp 78 79 isbn 9780070792296 oclc 13821696 1 2 3 wittmann h 1991 classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10 1 88 see gordon 2008 under nsr maritime sign language archived from the original on 2011 06 04 retrieved 2011 06 01 and sfs south african sign language archived from the original on 2008 09 21 retrieved 2008 09 19 state of eritrea african sign languages resource center archived from the original on 2024 05 13 retrieved 2024 05 13 jepsen julie 2015 sign languages of the world a comparative handbook de gruyter cape verde african sign languages resource center archived from the original on 2024 05 13 retrieved 2024 05 13 pinto mariana correia 2017 11 14 o que todos devíamos saber sobre língua gestual em dez pontos público in portuguese 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between primary and alternate sign languages going back ultimately to stokoe 1974 and more vaguely some other traits from his analysis the 2013 version 17th edition of ethnologue is now up to 137 sign languages 1 2 these are adamorobe sign language armenian sign language australian aboriginal sign languages hindu mudra the monastic sign languages martha s vineyard sign language plains indian sign language urubú kaapor sign language chinese sign language indo pakistani sign language pakistani sl is said to be r but indian sl to be a though they are the same language japanese sign language and maybe the various thai hill country sign languages french sign language lyons sign language and nohya maya sign language wittmann also includes bizarrely chinese characters and egyptian hieroglyphs 1 2 these are providencia island kod tangan bahasa malaysia manually signed malay german ecuadoran salvadoran gestuno indo pakistani pakistani sl is said to be r but indian sl to be a though they are the same language kenyan brazilian spanish nepali with possible admixture penang rennellese saudi the various sri lankan sign languages and perhaps bsl peruvian tijuana spurious venezuelan and nicaraguan sign languages wittmann adds that this taxonomic criterion is not really applicable with any scientific rigor auxiliary sign languages to the extent that they are full fledged natural languages and therefore included in his survey at all are mostly used by the deaf as well and some primary sign languages such as asl and adamorobe sign language have acquired auxiliary usages wittmann includes in this class australian aboriginal sign languages at least 14 different languages monastic sign language thai hill country sign languages possibly including languages in vietnam and laos and sri lankan sign languages 14 deaf schools with different sign languages wittmann s references on the subject besides his own work on creolization and relexification in spoken languages include papers such as fischer 1974 1978 deuchar 1987 and judy kegl s pre 1991 work on creolization in sign languages wittmann s explanation for this is that models of acquisition and transmission for sign languages are not based on any typical parent child relation model of direct transmission which is inducive to variation and change to a greater extent he notes that sign creoles are much more common than vocal creoles and that we can t know on how many successive creolizations prototype a sign languages are based prior to their historicity clarification needed zeshan ulrike de vos connie 2012 sign languages in village communities anthropological and linguistic insights berlin and nijmegen de gruyter mouton and ishara press kisch shifra 2008 deaf discourse the social construction of deafness in a bedouin community medical anthropology 27 3 283 313 doi 10 1080 01459740802222807 hdl 11245 1 345005 pmid 18663641 s2cid 1745792 archived from the original on 2024 05 26 retrieved 2018 12 20 1 2 woll bencie ladd paddy 2003 deaf communities in marschark marc spencer patricia elizabeth eds oxford handbook of deaf studies language and education oxford uk oxford university press isbn 978 0 195 14997 5 benefits of sign language and other forms of aac for autism 3 june 2020 archived from the original on 7 march 2022 retrieved 7 march 2022 looney dennis lusin natalia february 2018 enrollments in languages other than english in united states institutions of higher education summer 2016 and fall 2016 preliminary report pdf modern language association archived pdf from the original on 2021 08 16 bickford j albert and melanie mckay cody 2018 endangerment and revitalization of sign languages archived 2021 08 31 at the wayback machine pp 255 264 in the routledge handbook of language revitalization did you know hawaiʻi sign language is critically endangered endangered languages archived from the original on 2016 03 07 retrieved 2016 02 28 international encyclopedia of linguistics oxford university press 2003 01 01 isbn 978 0 19 513977 8 archived from the original on 2023 01 14 retrieved 2016 02 28 the language is considered to be endangered 9 600 deaf people in hawaii now use american sign language with a few local signs for place names and cultural items mckee rachel mckee david 2016 assessing the vitality of nzsl pdf 12th international conference on theoretical issues in sign language research melbourne australia archived pdf from the original on 2016 11 01 bickford albert j lewis m paul simons gary f 2014 rating the vitality of sign languages journal of multilingual and multicultural development 36 5 1 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 velupillai viveka 2012 an introduction to linguistic typology amsterdam philadelphia john benjamins publishing pp 57 58 isbn 978 90 272 1198 9 archived from the original on 26 may 2024 retrieved 16 april 2020 sign languages in unesco s atlas of the world s languages in danger project university of central lancashire archived from the original on 2021 08 23 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