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empire 550 330 bc 8 9 10 11 tajiki is one of the two official languages of tajikistan the other being russian 12 13 which serves as the official interethnic language in afghanistan this language is less influenced by turkic languages and is regarded as a form of dari which has co official status 14 the tajiki persian of tajikistan has diverged from persian as spoken in afghanistan and even more from that of iran owing to political borders geographical isolation standardisation processes and the influence of russian and neighbouring turkic languages the standard language is based on the north western dialects of tajik the region of the old major city of samarqand which have been somewhat influenced by the neighbouring uzbek language as a result of geographical proximity tajik also retains numerous archaic elements in its vocabulary pronunciation and grammar that have been lost elsewhere in the persophone world in part because of its relative isolation in the mountains of central asia name edit up to and including the 19th century speakers in afghanistan and central asia had no separate name for the language and simply regarded themselves as speaking farsi which is the endonym for the persian language the term tajik derives from persian although it has been adopted by the speakers themselves 15 for most of the 20th century its name was rendered in the russian spelling of tadzhik 16 in 1989 with the growth of tajik nationalism a law was enacted declaring tajik the state national language with russian as the official language as throughout the union 17 in addition the law officially equated tajik with persian placing the word farsi the endonym for the persian language after tajik the law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the perso arabic alphabet 18 19 20 in 1999 the word farsi was removed from the state language law 21 geographical distribution edit two major cities of central asia samarkand and bukhara are in present day uzbekistan but are defined by a prominent native usage of the tajik language 22 better source needed 23 today virtually all tajik speakers in bukhara are bilingual in tajik and uzbek citation needed this tajik uzbek bilingualism has had a strong influence on the phonology morphology and syntax of bukharan tajik 24 tajiks are also found in large numbers in the surxondaryo region in the south and along uzbekistan s eastern border with tajikistan tajiki is still spoken by the majority of the population in samarkand and bukhara today although as richard foltz has noted their spoken dialects diverge considerably from the standard literary language and most cannot read it 25 official statistics in uzbekistan state that the tajik community comprises 5 of the nation s total population 26 however these numbers do not include ethnic tajiks who for a variety of reasons choose to identify themselves as uzbeks in population census forms 27 during the soviet uzbekisation supervised by sharof rashidov the head of the uzbek communist party tajiks had to choose either to stay in uzbekistan and be registered as uzbek in their passports or to leave the republic for the less developed agricultural and mountainous tajikistan 28 the uzbekisation movement ended in 1924 29 in tajikistan tajiks constitute 80 of the population and the language dominates in most parts of the country some tajiks in gorno badakhshan in south eastern tajikistan where the pamir languages are the native languages of most residents are bilingual tajiks are the dominant ethnic group in northern afghanistan as well and are also the majority group in scattered pockets elsewhere in the country particularly in urban areas such as kabul mazar i sharif kunduz ghazni and herat tajiks constitute between 25 and 35 of the total population of the country in afghanistan the dialects spoken by ethnic tajiks are written using the persian alphabet and referred to as dari along with the dialects of other groups in afghanistan such as the hazaragi and aimaq dialects approximately 48 58 of afghan citizens are native speakers of dari 30 a large tajik speaking diaspora exists owing to the instability that has plagued central asia in recent years with significant numbers of tajiks found in russia kazakhstan and beyond this tajik diaspora is also the result of the poor state of the economy of tajikistan each year approximately one million men leave tajikistan to find employment in russia 31 dialects edit tajik dialects can be roughly divided into the following groups northern dialects northern tajikistan bukhara samarkand kyrgyzstan and the varzob valley region of dushanbe 32 central dialects dialects of the upper zarafshan valley 32 southern dialects south and east of dushanbe kulob and the rasht region of tajikistan 32 southeastern dialects dialects of the darvoz region and the amu darya near rushon 32 the dialect used by the bukharan jews of central asia is known as the bukhori dialect and belongs to the northern dialect grouping it is chiefly distinguished by the inclusion of hebrew terms principally religious vocabulary and the historical use of the hebrew alphabet despite these differences bukhori is readily intelligible to other tajik speakers particularly speakers of northern dialects a very important moment in the development of contemporary tajik especially of the spoken language is the tendency towards a change in its dialectal orientation the dialects of northern tajikistan were the foundation of the prevalent standard tajik while the southern dialects did not enjoy either popularity or prestige now all politicians and public officials make their speeches in the kulob dialect which is also used in broadcasting 33 phonology edit vowels edit the table below lists the six vowel phonemes in standard literary tajik letters from the tajik cyrillic alphabet are given first followed by ipa transcription local dialects frequently have more than the six seen below tajik vowels 34 front central back close и ӣ i у u mid е e̞ ӯ ɵ̞ o̞ open а a æ о ɔ in northern and uzbek dialects classical o̞ has shifted forward in the mouth to ɵ̞ in central and southern dialects classical o̞ has shifted upward and merged into u 35 in the zarafshon dialect earlier u has shifted to y or ʊ however u from earlier ɵ remained possibly due to influence from yaghnobi 36 the open back vowel has varyingly been described as mid back o̞ 37 38 ɒ 39 ɔ 7 and ɔː 40 it is analogous to early new classical and dari afghan persian ā and iranian persian â i e long a however it is standardly not a back vowel 41 the vowel ӣ ӣ usually represents a stressed i at the end of a word however not all instances of ӣ ӣ are stressed as can be seen with the second person singular suffix ӣ remaining unstressed the vowels i u and a may be reduced to ə in unstressed syllables consonants edit the tajik language contains 24 consonants 16 of which form contrastive pairs by voicing б п в ф д т з с ж ш ҷ ч г к ғ х 34 the table below lists the consonant phonemes in standard literary tajik letters from the tajik cyrillic alphabet are given first followed by ipa transcription labial dental alveolar post alv palatal velar uvular glottal nasal м m н n stop affricate voiceless п p т t ч tʃ к k қ q ъ ʔ voiced б b д d ҷ dʒ г ɡ fricative voiceless ф f с s ш ʃ х χ ҳ h voiced в v з z ж ʒ ғ ʁ approximant л l й j trill р r at least in the dialect of bukhara ч ч and ҷ ҷ are pronounced tɕ and dʑ respectively with ш ш and ж ж also being ɕ and ʑ 42 word stress edit word stress generally falls on the first syllable in finite verb forms and on the last syllable in nouns and noun like words 34 examples of where stress does not fall on the last syllable are adverbs like бале bale meaning yes and зеро zero meaning because stress also does not fall on enclitics nor on the marker of the direct object grammar edit main article tajik grammar the word order of tajiki persian is subject object verb tajik persian grammar is similar to the classical persian grammar and the grammar of modern varieties such as iranian persian 43 the most notable difference between classical persian grammar and tajik persian grammar is the construction of the present progressive tense in each language in tajik the present progressive form consists of a present progressive participle from the verb истодан istodan to stand and a cliticised form of the verb acт ast to be 7 ман man i мактуб maktub letter навишта navišta write истода ам istoda am be ман мактуб навишта истода ам man maktub navišta istoda am i letter write be i am writing a letter in iranian persian the present progressive form consists of the verb دار dār to have followed by a conjugated verb in either the simple present tense the habitual past tense or the habitual past perfect tense 44 من man i دارم dār am have کار kār work می کنم mē kun am do من دارم کار می کنم man dār am kār mē kun am i have work do i am working nouns edit nouns are not marked for grammatical gender although they are marked for number two forms of grammatical number exist in tajik singular and plural the plural is marked by either the suffix ҳо ho or он on with contextual variants ён yon and гон gon although arabic loan words do use arabic forms thus forming irregular plurals there is no definite article but the indefinite article exists in the form of the number one як yak and е e the first positioned before the noun and the second joining the noun as a suffix when a noun is used as a direct object it is marked by the suffix ро ro e g рустамро задам rustam ro zadam i hit rustam this direct object suffix is added to the word after any plural suffixes the form ро can be literary or formal in older forms of the persian language ро could indicate both direct and indirect objects and some phrases used in modern persian and tajik have maintained this suffix on indirect objects as seen in the following example худоро шукр خدا را شکر xudoro šukr thank god modern persian does not use the direct object marker as a suffix on the noun but rather as a stand alone morpheme 34 prepositions edit simple prepositions tajik english аз az from through across ба ba to бар bar on upon onto бе be without бо bo with дар dar at in то to up to as far as until чун čun like as vocabulary edit tajik is conservative in its vocabulary retaining numerous terms that have long since fallen into disuse in iran and afghanistan such as арзиз ارزیز arziz tin and фарбеҳ فربه farbeh fat most modern loan words in tajik come from russian as a result of tajikistan s position within the soviet union the vast majority of these russian loanwords have entered the tajik language through the fields of socioeconomics technology and government where most of the concepts and vocabulary have been borrowed from russian the introduction of russian loanwords into tajik was largely justified under soviet policy of modernisation and the necessary subordination of all languages to russian for the achievement of a communist state 45 vocabulary also comes from the geographically close uzbek language and as is usual in islamic countries from arabic since the late 1980s an effort has been made to replace loanwords with native equivalents using either old terms that had fallen out of use or coined terminology including from iranian persian many of the coined terms for modern items such as гармкунак گرم کنک garmkunak heater and чангкашак چنگ کشک čangkašak vacuum cleaner differ from their afghan and iranian equivalents adding to the difficulty in intelligibility between tajik and other forms of persian citation needed in the table below persian refers to the standard language of iran which differs somewhat from the dari persian of afghanistan two other iranian languages pashto and kurdish kurmanji and sorani have also been included for comparative purposes tajik моҳ moh нав nav модар modar хоҳар xohar шаб šab бинӣ binī се se сиёҳ siyoh сурх surx зард zard сабз sabz гург gurg other iranian languages persian ماه māh نَو naw now مادَر mādar خْواهَر xwāhar شَب šab بِینِی bīnī سِه si se سِياه siyāh سُرْخ surx sorx زَرْد zard سَبْز sabz گُرْگ gurg gorg pashto مْیاشْت myâsht نٙوَی نٙوَے nəway مور mor خور xor ښْپَه shpa پوزَه poza دْرې dre تور tor سُور sur زْیَړ zyaṛ شِين زٙرْغُون shin zərghun لېوٙه لېوۀ lewə kurdish kurmanji meh nû dê xwîşk şev poz sisê sê reş sor zer kesk gur kurdish sorani mang nwê dayik xoşk şew lût sê reş sûr zerd sewz gurg other indo european languages english month new mother sister night nose three black red yellow green wolf armenian ամիս amis նոր nor մայր mayr քույր k uyr գիշեր gišer քիթ k it երեք yerek սև sev կարմիր karmir դեղին deġin կանաչ kanač գայլ gayl sanskrit मास māsa नव nava मातृ mātr̥ स्वसृ svasr̥ नक्त nakta नास nāsa त्रि tri श्याम śyāma रुधिर rudhira पीत pīta हरित harita वृक vr̥ka russian месяц mesjac новый novyj мать matʹ сестра sestra ночь nočʹ нос nos три tri чёрный čërnyj красный рыжий krasnyj ryžij жёлтый žëltyj зелёный zelënyj волк volk writing system edit main article tajik alphabet tajik assr 1929 coat of arms with tajik language in perso arabic script جمهوريت اجتماعی شوروى مختار تاجيكستان current script ҷумҳурият иҷтимоӣ шӯравӣ мухтор тоҷикистон in tajikistan and other countries of the former soviet union tajik persian is currently written in the cyrillic script although it was written in the latin script from 1928 and in the arabic alphabet prior to 1928 in the tajik soviet socialist republic the use of the latin script was later replaced in 1939 by the cyrillic script 46 the tajik alphabet added six additional letters to the cyrillic script inventory and these additional letters are distinguished in tajik orthography by the use of diacritics 47 history edit according to many scholars the new persian language which subsequently evolved into the persian forms spoken in iran afghanistan and tajikistan developed in transoxiana and khorasan in what are today parts of afghanistan iran uzbekistan and tajikistan while new persian was descended primarily from middle persian it also incorporated substantial elements of other iranian languages of ancient central asia such as sogdian citation needed following the islamic conquest of iran and most of central asia in the 8th century ad arabic for a time became the court language and persian and other iranian languages were relegated to the private sphere in the 9th century ad following the rise of the samanids whose state was centred around the cities of bukhara buxoro samarqand and herat and covered much of uzbekistan tajikistan afghanistan and north eastern iran new persian emerged as the court language and swiftly displaced arabic new persian became the lingua franca of central asia for centuries although it eventually lost ground to the chaghatai language in much of its former domains as a growing number of turkic tribes moved into the region from the east since the 16th century ad tajik has come under increasing pressure from neighbouring turkic languages once spoken in areas of turkmenistan such as merv tajik is toda...
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