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marcianae in ameria another umbrian town located near both tuder and reate the home of the flavian dynasty and believed to be the home of marcia s family the line of the ulpii continued long after trajan s death his elder sister was ulpia marciana and his niece was salonia matidia very little is known about trajan s early formative years but it is thought likely that he spent his first months or years in italica before moving to rome and then perhaps at around eight or nine years of age he almost certainly would have returned temporarily to italica with his father during trajanus s governorship of baetica ca 64 65 30 the lack of a strong local power base caused by the size of the town from which they came made it necessary for the ulpii and for the aelii the other important senatorial family of italica with whom they were allied to weave local alliances in the baetica with the annii the ucubi and perhaps the dasumii from corduba the tarraconense and the narbonense here above all through pompeia plotina trajan s wife 15 31 many of these alliances were made not in spain but in rome 31 the family home in rome the domus traiana was on the aventine hill excavations under the piazza del tempio di diana found remains thought to be of the family s large suburban villa with evidence of highly decorated rooms 32 military career edit trajan wearing the civic crown and military garb such as a muscle cuirass 2nd century ad antalya archaeological museum as a young man trajan rose through the ranks of the roman army serving in some of the most contested parts of the empire s frontier in 76 77 his father was governor of syria latin legatus pro praetore syriae where trajan himself remained as tribunus legionis from there after his father s replacement he seems to have been transferred to an unspecified rhine province and pliny implies that he engaged in active combat duty during both commissions 33 in about 86 trajan s cousin aelius afer died leaving his young children hadrian and paulina orphans trajan and his colleague publius acilius attianus became co guardians of the two children 34 trajan in his late thirties was created ordinary consul for the year 91 this early appointment may reflect the prominence of his father s career as his father had been instrumental to the ascent of the ruling flavian dynasty held consular rank himself and had just been made a patrician 35 around this time trajan brought the architect and engineer apollodorus of damascus with him to rome 36 and married pompeia plotina a noblewoman from the roman settlement at nîmes the marriage ultimately remained childless 37 the details of trajan s early military career are obscure save for the fact that in 89 as legate of legio vii gemina in hispania tarraconensis he supported domitian against an attempted coup by lucius antonius saturninus the governor of germania superior 38 trajan probably remained in the region after the revolt was quashed to engage with the chatti who had sided with saturninus before returning the vii gemina legion to legio in hispania tarraconensis 39 page needed in 91 he held a consulate with acilius glabrio a rarity in that neither consul was a member of the ruling dynasty he held an unspecified consular commission as governor of either pannonia or germania superior or possibly both pliny who seems to deliberately avoid offering details that would stress personal attachment between trajan and the tyrant domitian attributes to him at the time various and unspecified feats of arms 40 rise to power edit bust of nerva who became emperor following the assassination of domitian domitian s successor nerva was unpopular with the army and had been forced by his praetorian prefect casperius aelianus to execute domitian s killers 41 nerva needed the army s support to avoid being ousted he accomplished this in the summer of 97 by naming trajan as his adoptive son and successor claiming that this was entirely due to trajan s outstanding military merits 40 there are hints however in contemporary literary sources that trajan s adoption was imposed on nerva pliny implied as much when he wrote that although an emperor could not be coerced into doing something if this was the way in which trajan was raised to power then it was worth it alice könig argues that the notion of a natural continuity between nerva s and trajan s reigns was an ex post facto fiction developed by authors writing under trajan including tacitus and pliny 42 according to the historia augusta the future emperor hadrian brought word to trajan of his adoption 36 trajan retained hadrian on the rhine frontier as a military tribune and hadrian thus became privy to the circle of friends and relations with whom trajan surrounded himself among them was lucius licinius sura a roman senator born in spain and the governor of germania inferior who was trajan s personal friend and became an official adviser of the emperor 43 sura was highly influential and was appointed consul for a third term in 107 44 f g some senators may have resented sura s activities as a kingmaker and éminence grise among them the historian tacitus who acknowledged sura s military and oratorical talents but compared his rapacity and devious ways to those of vespasian s éminence grise licinius mucianus 47 sura is said to have informed hadrian in 108 that he had been chosen as trajan s imperial heir 48 as governor of upper germany germania superior during nerva s reign trajan received the prestigious title of germanicus for his skilful rule of the volatile province 49 when nerva died on 28 january 98 trajan succeeded to the role of emperor without any outward adverse incident 50 that he chose not to hasten towards rome but made a lengthy inspection of the rhine and danube frontiers may suggest he was unsure of his position in rome and with the armies at the front citation needed alternatively trajan s military background meant he understood the importance of strengthening the empire s frontiers citation needed his vision for future conquests required the improvement of surveillance networks defences and transport along the danube 51 page needed prior to his frontier tours trajan ordered praetorian prefect aelianus to attend him in germany where he was apparently executed forthwith put out of the way 52 and his now vacant post taken by attius suburanus 53 trajan s accession therefore could qualify more as a successful coup than an orderly succession 54 emperor 98 117 edit roman imperial dynasties aureus of trajan nerva antonine dynasty ad 96 192 chronology nerva 96 98 trajan 98 117 hadrian 117 138 antoninus pius 138 161 lucius verus 161 169 marcus aurelius 161 180 commodus 177 192 family nerva antonine family tree category nerva antonine dynasty succession preceded by flavian dynasty followed by year of the five emperors v t e trajan s belated ceremonial entry into rome in 99 was notably understated something on which pliny the younger elaborated 55 on his entry to rome he granted the plebs a direct gift of money the traditional donative to the troops however was reduced by half 56 the senate edit there remained the issue of the strained relations between the emperor and the senate especially after the supposed bloodiness that had marked domitian s reign and his dealings with the curia by not openly supporting domitian s preference for equestrian officers 57 trajan appeared to conform to the idea developed by pliny that an emperor derived his legitimacy from his adherence to traditional hierarchies and senatorial morals 58 and by feigning reluctance to hold power trajan was able to start building a consensus around him in the senate 59 therefore he could point to the allegedly republican character of his rule 60 in a speech at the inauguration of his third consulship on 1 january 100 trajan exhorted the senate to share the care taking of the empire with him an event later celebrated on a coin 61 62 in reality trajan did not share power in any meaningful way with the senate something that pliny admits candidly e verything depends on the whims of a single man who on behalf of the common welfare has taken upon himself all functions and all tasks 63 64 one of the most significant trends of his reign was his encroachment on the senate s sphere of authority such as his decision to make the senatorial provinces of achaea and bithynia into imperial ones in order to deal with the inordinate spending on public works by local magnates 65 and the general mismanagement of provincial affairs by various proconsuls appointed by the senate 66 page needed optimus princeps edit a statue of trajan posing in military garb in front of the amphitheatre of colonia ulpia traiana in the xanten archaeological park in modern day germany according to the ethics for autocracy developed by most political writers of the imperial roman age trajan was a good ruler in that he ruled less by fear and more by acting as a role model for example in the formula developed by pliny trajan was a good emperor in that by himself he approved or blamed the same things that the senate would have approved or blamed 67 and in his words men learn better from examples 68 the idea is that trajan wielded autocratic power through moderatio instead of contumacia moderation instead of insolence 69 and if in reality trajan was an autocrat his deferential behavior towards his peers qualified him to be viewed as a virtuous monarch 70 eventually trajan s popularity among his peers was such that the roman senate bestowed upon him the honorific of optimus meaning the best 71 page needed 72 page needed which appears on coins from 105 on 73 this title had mostly to do with trajan s role as benefactor such as in the case of his returning confiscated property 74 the epithet optimus princeps had already been used for the emperors since the late republic but trajan was the only one officially honoured by the title 75 pliny states that trajan s ideal role was a conservative one argued as well by the orations of dio chrysostom in particular his four orations on kingship composed early during trajan s reign dio as a greek notable and intellectual with friends in high places and possibly an official friend to the emperor latin amicus caesaris saw trajan as a defender of the status quo 76 77 in his third kingship oration dio describes an ideal king ruling by means of friendship that is through patronage and a network of local notables who act as mediators between the ruled and the ruler 78 dio s notion of being friend to trajan or any other roman emperor however was that of an informal arrangement that involved no formal entry of such friends into the roman administration 79 greek roman relations edit see also greece in the roman era and greco roman relations in classical antiquity bust of trajan wearing the civic crown glyptothek munich as a senatorial emperor trajan was inclined to choose his local base of political support from among the members of the ruling urban oligarchies in the west that meant local senatorial families like his own in the east it meant the families of greek notables to this end trajan ingratiated himself with the greek intellectual elite by recalling to rome many including dio who had been exiled by domitian 80 81 and by returning in a process begun by nerva a great deal of private property that domitian had confiscated he also had good dealings with plutarch who as a notable of delphi seems to have been favoured by the decisions taken on behalf of his home place by one of trajan s legates who had arbitrated a boundary dispute between delphi and its neighbouring cities 82 however it was clear to trajan that greek intellectuals and notables were to be regarded as tools for local administration and not be allowed to fancy themselves in a privileged position 83 as pliny said in one of his letters at the time it was official policy that greek civic elites be treated according to their status as notionally free but not put on an equal footing with their roman rulers 84 when the city of apamea complained of an audit of its accounts by pliny alleging its free status as a roman colony trajan replied by writing that it was by his own wish that such inspections had been ordered concern about independent local political activity is seen in trajan s decision to forbid nicomedia from having a corps of firemen if people assemble for a common purpose they soon turn it into a political society trajan wrote to pliny as well as in his and pliny s fears about excessive civic generosities by local notables such as distribution of money or gifts 85 incomplete short citation 86 pliny s letters suggest that trajan and his aides were as much bored as they were alarmed by the claims of dio and other greek notables to political influence based on what they saw as their special connection to their roman overlords 87 the greeks had their own memories of independence a commonly acknowledged sense of cultural superiority and instead of seeing themselves as roman disdained roman rule 88 what the greek oligarchies wanted from rome was above all to be left in peace to be allowed to exert their right to self government i e to be excluded from the provincial government as was italy and to concentrate on their local interests 89 this was something the romans were not disposed to do as from their perspective the greek notables were shunning their responsibilities in regard to the management of imperial affairs primarily in failing to keep the common people under control thus creating the need for the roman governor to intervene 90 on the local level among the lower section of the eastern propertied 91 the alienation of most greek notables and intellectuals towards roman rule and the fact that the romans were seen by most such greek notables as aliens persisted well after trajan s reign 92 an excellent example of this greek alienation was the personal role played by trajan in his relationship with dio of prusa dio is described by philostratus as trajan s close friend and trajan as supposedly engaging publicly in conversations with dio 93 nevertheless as a greek local magnate with a taste for costly building projects and pretensions of being an important political agent for rome 94 dio of prusa was actually a target for correctores however while pliny does tell of dio of prusa placing a statue of trajan in a building complex where dio s wife and son were buried therefore incurring a charge of treason for placing the emperor s statue near a grave trajan dropped the charge 95 it must also be added that although trajan was wary of the civic oligarchies in the greek cities he also admitted into the senate at least fourteen prominent eastern notables who had been already slated for promotion during domitian s reign by reserving for them one of the twenty posts open each year for minor magistrates the vigintiviri 96 such unprecedented recruitment number opens to question the issue of the traditionally roman characte...
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