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ntion of the mexican parliament to establish a commonwealth whereby the king of spain ferdinand vii would also be emperor of mexico but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices should the king refuse the position the law provided for a member of the house of bourbon to accede to the mexican throne ferdinand vii however did not recognise the independence and said that spain would not allow any other european prince to take the throne of mexico by request of parliament the president of the regency agustín de iturbide was proclaimed emperor of mexico on 12 july 1822 as agustín i agustín de iturbide was the general who helped secure mexican independence from spanish rule but was overthrown by the plan of casa mata in 1863 the invading french under napoleon iii see above in alliance with mexican conservatives and nobility helped create the second mexican empire and invited archduke maximilian of the house of habsburg lorraine younger brother of the austrian emperor franz josef i to become emperor maximilian i of mexico the childless maximilian and his consort empress carlota of mexico daughter of leopold i of belgium adopted agustín s grandsons agustin and salvador as his heirs to bolster his claim to the throne of mexico maximilian and carlota made chapultepec castle their home which has been the only palace in north america to house sovereigns citation needed after the withdrawal of french protection in 1867 maximilian was captured and executed by the liberal forces of benito juárez 34 this empire led to french influence in the mexican culture and also immigration from france belgium and switzerland to mexico maximilian s closest living agnatic relative is karl von habsburg the head of the house of habsburg middle east edit further information king of kings the term king of kings is used for the emperor 3 the title king of kings takes various forms depending on the language and was used not only in iran but also in countries surrounding iran šar šarrāni 35 the king of kings form of šar used in assyria babylonia etc shahanshah 35 the king of kings form of shah used in iran etc basileus basileōn 35 the king of kings form of basileus used in macedonia byzantine etc rajadhiraja 35 the king of kings form of raja used in champa etc maharajadhiraja 35 the king of kings form of maharaja used in gupta nepal etc paramabhattaraka maharajadhiraja paramesvara a standard formula of imperial dignity in india 36 sulṭānü s selāṭīn the king of kings form of sultan used in ottoman delhi etc malik al muluk 37 the king of kings form of malik used in palmyra buyid etc ark ayits ark a 38 the king of kings form of arka used in armenia mepe mepeta the king of kings form of mepe used in georgia nəgusä nägäst 35 the king of kings form of negus used in ethiopia khagan khan of khans 39 iran edit main articles shahanshah banbishn shahbanu list of monarchs of iran achaemenid empire list of monarchs of parthia and list of monarchs of the sasanian empire aechaemenid emperor darius the great from behistun inscription persian monarchs adopted the imperial title shahanshah persian king of kings to denote supremacy over subordinate kings shah the title was used by the rulers of the achaemenid arsacid and sasanian dynasties and is commonly translated as king of kings the female equivalent of shahanshah in the sasanian dynasty was banbishnan banbishn from the safavid dynasty in the 16th century onward the shortened form shah became the standard royal title iranian rulers were typically regarded in the west as emperors the use of shahanshah is attested from the reign of darius the great reflecting the extensive territorial scope of the achaemenid empire which at its height extended from the indian subcontinent to parts of greece and egypt 40 sasanian rulers further styled themselves king of kings of iranians and non iranians to emphasise sovereignty over both iranian and non iranian lands the last iranian monarch to bear the title shahanshah was mohammad reza pahlavi who was deposed by the iranian revolution in 1979 his consort farah pahlavi was the only person to bear the title of shahbanu the female equivalent of shahanshah in the pahlavi dynasty ottoman empire edit main article list of sultans of the ottoman empire agostino veneziano s engraving of ottoman emperor suleiman the magnificent wearing his venetian helmet note 2 ottoman rulers held many titles and appellations denoting their imperial status these included sultan of sultans padishah and hakan the full style of the ottoman sultan once the empire s frontiers had stabilised became 41 42 sultan given name khan sovereign of the sublime house of osman sultan us selatin sultan of sultans hakan khan of khans commander of the faithful and successor of the prophet of the lord of the universe custodian of the holy cities of mecca medina and quds jerusalem padishah emperor of the three cities of istanbul constantinople edirne adrianople and bursa and of the cities of châm damascus and cairo egypt of all azerbaijan of the maghreb of barkah of kairouan of alep of the arab and persian iraq of basra of el hasa strip of raqqa of mosul of parthia of diyâr ı bekr of cilicia of the provinces of erzurum of sivas of adana of karaman of van of barbaria of habech abyssinia of tunisia of tripoli of châm syria of cyprus of rhodes of crete of the province of morea peloponnese of bahr i sefid mediterranean sea of bahr i siyah black sea of anatolia of rumelia the european part of the empire of bagdad of kurdistan of greece of turkestan of tartary of circassia of the two regions of kabarda of gorjestan georgia of the steppe of kipchaks of the whole country of the tatars of kefa theodosia and of all the neighbouring regions of bosnia of the city and fort of belgrade of the province of sirbistan serbia with all the castles and cities of all arnaut of all eflak wallachia and bogdania moldavia as well as all the dependencies and borders and many others countries and cities after the ottoman capture of constantinople in 1453 the ottoman sultans began to style themselves kaysar i rum caesar of the romans as they asserted themselves to be the heirs to the roman empire by right of conquest the title was of such importance to them that it led them to eliminate the various byzantine successor states and therefore rival claimants over the next eight years though the term emperor was rarely used by westerners for the ottoman sultan it was generally accepted by westerners that he had imperial status harun osman is currently the head of the ottoman dynasty indian subcontinent edit further information hi सम्राट् and chakravartin mauryan emperor ashoka riding a chariot to sanchi stupa in the vedic period there was a federal imperial system called the samrajya system and its emperor s title was samrat hi सम्राट् 43 those monarchs who could bring under subjection many rulers claimed the title of samrat 44 samrajni means empress 45 another type of indian imperialism was called the chakravarti system 43 emperors wished to be called chakravarti 46 meaning universal monarch 47 cakravartini means empress 48 the actual condition of samrat which is an objective term and the theoretical status of chakravarti which is a poetical concept were connected in point of psychology 46 the indian monarchs used the title s of chakravarti or samrat were the first references to a chakravartin as a secular monarch appear in reference to ashoka of the maurya empire 47 the gupta emperors used the titles of samrat chakravartin etc 49 the imperial cholas used the titles of chakravartigal 50 and tribhuvana chakravartin emperor of the three worlds 51 janaka of videha secured the position of samrat 43 dasharatha of kosala called himself the samrat over all rulers of the earth 52 yashodharman is designated as samrat in an inscription 53 the vakataka ruler pravarasena i was titled samrat 54 satakarni i of satavahana became a samrat 55 the ruler of kalinga kharavela of the mahameghavahana dynasty used the title kalinga chakravartin 56 lakshmikarna of the kalachuri dynasty proclaimed himself chakravartin the term chakravartin was used by the pallavas 57 the pandyan emperor jatavarman sundara pandyan i was titled tribhuvana cakravarti emperor of the three worlds 58 dharasena iv the maitraka ruler of valabhi called himself chakravartin 59 veera ballala ii of the hoysala kingdom assumed the title hoysala chakravartin 60 the medieval and later alupas used the title of pandya chakravarti 61 chikka devaraja of mysore was proclaimed to be karnataka cakravartin dakshinadik cakravartin and samrat 62 in vijayanagara cakravartin status was claimed 63 the title cakravarti has been used by sri lankan rulers since the late 12th century 64 mughal empire edit further information mughal emperor padishah and emperor of hindustan mughal emperor akbar in his durbar from the 16th century until the early 18th century the indian subcontinent was dominated by the mughals in the third unified indian subcontinent whose rulers used the title of shahenshah and padishah or badshah of hindustan british raj edit further information emperor of india when the british monarchs ruled over india they adopted the additional title of kaisar i hind transl emperor of india africa edit ethiopia edit main article emperor of ethiopia this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2012 learn how and when to remove this message haile selassie last emperor of ethiopia who ruled from 1930 to 1974 from 1270 the solomonic dynasty of ethiopia used the title nəgusä nägäst literally king of kings the use of the king of kings style began a millennium earlier in this region however with the title being used by the kings of aksum beginning with sembrouthes in the 3rd century another title used by this dynasty was itegue zetopia itegue translates as empress and was used by the only reigning empress zewditu along with the official title negiste negest queen of kings in 1936 the italian king victor emmanuel iii claimed the title of emperor after ethiopia was occupied by italy during the second italo abyssinian war after the defeat of the italians by the british and the ethiopians in 1941 haile selassie was restored to the throne but victor emmanuel did not relinquish his claim until 1943 even though he had no standing to the title 65 the current head of the solomonic dynasty is zera yacob amha selassie central african empire edit main article emperor of central africa in 1976 president jean bédel bokassa of the central african republic proclaimed the country to be an autocratic central african empire and made himself emperor as bokassa i the expenses of his coronation ceremony actually bankrupted the country he was overthrown three years later and the republic was restored 66 east asia edit see also emperor at home king abroad this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2015 learn how and when to remove this message 皇帝 is the title of emperors in east asia an emperor is called huángdì in chinese hwangje in korean hoàng đế in vietnamese and kōtei in japanese but these are all just their respective pronunciations of the chinese character 皇帝 other imperial titles such as tennō 天皇 mikado 帝 and seonghwang 성황 聖皇 are merely variations of the chinese character 皇帝 note 3 the rulers of china and once westerners became aware of the role japan were always accepted in the west as emperors and referred to as such the claims of other east asian monarchies to the title may have been accepted for diplomatic purposes but it was not necessarily used in more general contexts china edit main article emperor of china the east asian tradition is different from the roman tradition having arisen separately what links them together is the use of the chinese logographs 皇 huáng and 帝 dì which together or individually are imperial because of the cultural influence of china china s neighbours adopted these titles or had their native titles conform in hanzi anyone who spoke to the emperor was to address the emperor as bìxià 陛下 lit the bottom of the steps corresponding to the imperial majesty shèngshàng 聖上 lit holy highness or wànsuì 万岁 lit you of ten thousand years in 221 bc ying zheng who was king of qin at the time proclaimed himself shi huangdi 始皇帝 which translates as first emperor huangdi is composed of huang august one 皇 and di sage king 帝 and referred to legendary mythological sage emperors living several millennia earlier of which three were huang and five were di thus ying zheng became qin shi huang abolishing the system where the huang di titles were reserved to dead and or mythological rulers since then the title king became a lower ranked title and later divided into two grades although not as popular the title 王 wang king or prince was still used by many monarchs and dynasties in china up to the taipings in the 19th century 王 is pronounced vương in vietnamese ō in japanese and wang in korean the imperial title continued in china until the qing dynasty was overthrown in 1912 the title was briefly revived from 12 december 1915 to 22 march 1916 by president yuan shikai and again in early july 1917 when general zhang xun attempted to restore last qing emperor puyi to the throne puyi retained the title and attributes of a foreign emperor as a personal status until 1924 after the japanese occupied manchuria in 1931 they proclaimed it to be the empire of manchukuo and puyi became emperor of manchukuo this empire ceased to exist when it was occupied by the soviet red army in 1945 67 in general an emperor would have one empress huanghou 皇后 at one time although posthumous entitlement to empress for a concubine was not uncommon the earliest known usage of huanghou was in the han dynasty the emperor would generally select the empress from his concubines in subsequent dynasties when the distinction between wife and concubine became more accentuated the crown prince would have chosen an empress designate before his reign imperial china produced only one reigning empress wu zetian and she used the same chinese title as an emperor huangdi 皇帝 wu zetian then reigned for about 15 years ad 690 705 under the tributary system of china monarchs of korea and vietnam sometimes called themselves emperor in their country they introduced themselves as king for china and other countries emperor at home king abroad in japan ashikaga yoshimitsu a shogun was granted title of king of japan for trade by the ming emperor however the shogun was a subject of the japanese emperor it was contrary to rules of tributary system but the ming emperor connived it for the purpose of suppressing the wokou japan edit main article emperor of japan emperor shōwa the last japanese emperor having ruled with ...
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