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technology by wirelessly controlling a model boat at the electrical exposition held at madison square garden in new york city during the height of the spanish american war 43 1921 czech writer karel čapek introduced the word robot in his play r u r which stands for rossum s universal robots the word robot comes from the word robota meaning in czech and polish labour drudgery 44 1927 maschinenmensch the maschinenmensch machine human a gynoid humanoid robot also called parody futura robotrix or the maria impersonator played by german actress brigitte helm one of the earliest humanoid robots ever to appear on film is depicted in fritz lang s film metropolis 1928 eric an electrical robot opens an exhibition of the society of model engineers at london s royal horticultural hall in london and tours the world 45 1939 elektro a humanoid robot built by the westinghouse electric corporation 46 1941 42 three laws of robotics isaac asimov formulates the three laws of robotics used in his robot science fiction stories and in the process of doing so coins the word robotics 47 1948 cybernetics norbert wiener formulates the principles of cybernetics the basis of practical robotics 48 1961 unimate the first digitally operated and programmable non humanoid robot is installed on a general motors assembly line to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them it was created by george devol and constructed by unimation the first robot manufacturing company 49 1967 to 1972 wabot 1 waseda university initiated the wabot project in 1967 and in 1972 completed the wabot 1 the world s first full scale humanoid intelligent robot 50 51 it was the first android able to walk communicate with a person in japanese with an artificial mouth measure distances and directions to the objects using external receptors artificial ears and eyes and grip and transport objects with hands 52 53 54 1969 d e whitney publishes his article resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prosthesis 55 1970 zero moment point miomir vukobratović proposed a theoretical model to explain bipedal locomotion 56 1972 powered exoskeleton vukobratović and his associates at mihajlo pupin institute build the first active anthropomorphic exoskeleton 57 1980 marc raibert established the mit leg lab which is dedicated to studying legged locomotion and building dynamic legged robots 58 1983 greenman using mb associates arms greenman was developed by space and naval warfare systems center san diego it had an exoskeletal master controller with kinematic equivalency and spatial correspondence of the torso arms and head its vision system consisted of two 525 line video cameras each having a 35 degree field of view and video camera eyepiece monitors mounted in an aviator s helmet 59 1984 wabot 2 at waseda university the wabot 2 is created a musician humanoid robot able to communicate with a person read a normal musical score with his eyes and play tunes of average difficulty on an electronic organ 52 1985 whl 11 developed by hitachi ltd whl 11 is a biped robot capable of static walking on a flat surface at 13 seconds per step and it can also turn 52 1986 honda e series honda developed seven biped robots which were designated e0 experimental model 0 through e6 e0 was in 1986 e1 e3 were done between 1987 and 1991 and e4 e6 were done between 1991 and 1993 60 1989 manny a full scale anthropomorphic robot with 42 degrees of freedom developed at battelle s pacific northwest laboratories in richland washington for the us army s dugway proving ground in utah it could not walk on its own but it could crawl and had an artificial respiratory system to simulate breathing and sweating 52 1990 tad mcgeer showed that a biped mechanical structure with knees could walk passively down a sloping surface 61 1993 honda p series honda developed p1 prototype model 1 through p3 an evolution from e series with upper limbs developed until 1997 60 1995 hadaly developed in waseda university to study human robot communication and has three subsystems a head eye subsystem a voice control system for listening and speaking in japanese and a motion control subsystem to use the arms to point toward campus destinations 62 1995 wabian a human size biped walking robot from waseda university 62 1996 saika a light weight human size and low cost humanoid robot was developed at tokyo university saika has a two dof neck dual five dof upper arms a torso and a head several types of hands and forearms are under development also developed until 1998 52 vanderbilt humanoid the intelligent robotics lab built isac intelligent soft arm control robot uses bridgestone robotics arms the bridgestone robotic arm uses pneumatic actuated chambers to simulate the human muscle contraction and expansion in 1995 the two arms were augmented with a mechanical head called catch cost effective active camera head catch was built by a graduate student 63 then used for autonomous navigation and put on the two arms to create the third humanoid in the world after honda s asimo and mit s cog 1997 hadaly 2 a humanoid robot designed in waseda university which realizes interactive communication with humans it communicates not only informationally but also physically 62 2000 asimo honda creates its 11th bipedal humanoid robot able to run 60 xianxingzhe the national university of defense technology creates the first bipedal humanoid robot in china 2001 qrio sony unveils small humanoid entertainment robots dubbed sony dream robot sdr renamed qrio in 2003 64 hoap fujitsu realized its first commercial humanoid robot named hoap 1 its successors hoap 2 and hoap 3 were announced in 2003 and 2005 respectively hoap is designed for a broad range of applications for r d of robot technologies 65 2002 hrp 2 a biped walking robot built by the manufacturing science and technology center mstc in tokyo 66 2003 johnnie an autonomous biped walking robot built at the technical university of munich the main objective was to realize an anthropomorphic walking machine with a human like dynamically stable gait 67 actroid a robot with realistic silicone skin developed by osaka university in conjunction with kokoro company ltd 68 2004 persia iran s first humanoid robot was developed using realistic simulation by researchers of isfahan university of technology in conjunction with istt 69 khr 1 a programmable bipedal humanoid robot introduced in june 2004 by a japanese company kondo kagaku 2005 hubo a walking humanoid robot developed by korea advanced institute of science and technology in january 2005 pkd android a conversational humanoid robot made in the likeness of science fiction novelist philip k dick was developed as a collaboration between hanson robotics the fedex institute of technology and the university of memphis 70 wakamaru a japanese domestic robot made by mitsubishi heavy industries primarily intended to provide companionship to elderly and disabled people 71 actroid the geminoid series is a series of ultra realistic humanoid robots developed by hiroshi ishiguro of atr and kokoro in tokyo the original one geminoid hi 1 was made at its image followed geminoid f in 2010 and geminoid dk in 2011 72 2006 nao a small open source programmable humanoid robot developed by aldebaran robotics in france widely used by worldwide universities as a research platform and educational tool 72 reem a the first fully autonomous european biped humanoid robot designed to play chess with the hydra chess engine the first robot developed by pal robotics it was also used as a walking manipulation speech and vision development platform 73 icub a biped humanoid open source robot for cognition research 74 mahru a network based biped humanoid robot developed in south korea 75 2007 topio a ping pong playing robot developed by tosy robotics jsc 76 twendy one a robot developed by the waseda university sugano laboratory for home assistance services it is not biped as it uses an omni directional mobile mechanism 77 2008 justin a humanoid robot developed by the german aerospace center dlr 78 nexi the first mobile dexterous and social robot makes its public debut as one of time magazine s top inventions of the year 79 the robot was built through a collaboration between the mit media lab personal robots group 80 umass amherst and meka robotics 81 82 salvius the first open source humanoid robot built in the united states is created 83 reem b the second biped humanoid robot developed by pal robotics it has the ability to autonomously learn its environment using various sensors and carry 20 of its own weight 84 surena it had a height of 165 centimetres and weight of 60 kilograms and is able to speak according to predefined text it also has remote control and tracking ability 85 2009 hrp 4c a japanese domestic robot made by national institute of advanced industrial science and technology shows human characteristics in addition to bipedal walking 86 kobian a robot developed by waseda university can walk talk and mimic emotions 87 darwin op an open source robot developed by robotis in collaboration with virginia tech purdue university and university of pennsylvania this project was supported and sponsored by nsf 88 2010 robonaut 2 a very advanced humanoid robot by nasa and general motors it was part of the payload of shuttle discovery on the successful launch february 24 2011 it is intended to do spacewalks for nasa 89 hrp 4c national institute of advanced industrial science and technology demonstrate their humanoid robot singing and dancing along with human dancers 90 reem a humanoid service robot with a wheeled mobile base developed by pal robotics it can perform autonomous navigation in various surroundings and has voice and face recognition capabilities 91 2011 asimo in november honda unveiled its second generation honda asimo robot the all new asimo is the first version of the robot with semi autonomous capabilities 92 2012 nimbro the autonomous intelligent systems group of university of bonn germany introduces the humanoid teensize open platform nimbro op 93 2013 toro the german aerospace center dlr presents the humanoid robot toro torque controlled humanoid robot 94 on december 20 21 2013 darpa robotics challenge ranked the top 16 humanoid robots competing for the us 2 million cash prize the leading team schaft with 27 out of a possible score of 30 was bought by google 95 reem c pal robotics launches reem c the first humanoid biped robot developed as a robotics research platform 100 ros based 96 poppy the first open source 3d printed humanoid robot bio inspired with legs designed for biped locomotion developed by the flower departments at inria 97 valkyrie r5 developed by nasa 98 the primary objective was to create a robot capable of supporting future nasa missions whether by performing tasks in advance of human arrival on other planets or by serving as an assistant to human teams during missions 99 100 101 102 2014 manav india s first 3d printed humanoid robot developed in the laboratory of a set training and research institutes by diwakar vaish head robotics and research a set training and research institutes 103 pepper robot after the acquisition of aldebaran softbank robotics releases a robot available for the public 104 nadine a female humanoid social robot designed in nanyang technological university singapore and modelled on its director professor nadia magnenat thalmann nadine is a socially intelligent robot which returns greetings makes eye contact and remembers all the conversations it has had 105 106 2016 sophia a humanoid robot developed by hanson robotics hong kong and modelled after audrey hepburn sophia has artificial intelligence visual data processing and facial recognition 107 oceanone developed by a team at stanford university led by computer science professor oussama khatib oceanone completed its first mission diving for treasure in a shipwreck off the coast of france at a depth of 100 meters the robot is controlled remotely has haptic sensors in its hands and artificial intelligence capabilities 108 ayuda service robot developed by taiwan based company syscom computer engineering co ltd 凌群電腦 designed for customer service information assistance and smart facility applications 109 2017 talos pal robotics launches talos 110 a fully electrical humanoid robot with joint torque sensors and ethercat communication technology that can manipulate up to 6 kg payload in each of its grippers 111 2018 rashmi robot a multilingual realistic humanoid robot was launched in india by ranjit shrivastav having emotional interpretation capabilities 112 2020 digit on january 5 2020 agility robotics introduced the first version of digit their humanoid robot initially purchased by ford motor company for research into autonomous last mile delivery 113 vyommitra a female looking spacefaring humanoid robot being developed by the indian space research organisation to function on board the gaganyaan a crewed orbital spacecraft 114 robot shalu homemade artificially intelligent indian multilingual humanoid robot made up of waste materials that can speak 9 indian and 38 foreign languages total 47 languages developed by dinesh kunwar patel computer science teacher kendriya vidyalaya mumbai india shalu can recognize a person and remember them identify many objects solve mathematical problems give horoscopes and weather reports teach in a classroom conduct a quiz and do many other things 115 2022 ameca in january 2022 engineered arts ltd gave the first public demonstration of their humanoid robot ameca 116 optimus on october 1 2022 tesla unveiled version 1 of their humanoid robot optimus 117 2023 digit on march 20 2023 agility robotics revealed the fourth version of digit adding a head new manipulators and perception systems 118 optimus in december 2023 tesla unveiled optimus version 2 featuring 30 faster movement 10 kg less weight and sensors on all 10 fingers 119 2024 atlas electric in april 2024 after the retirement of the hydraulic version of atlas boston dynamics released an all electric version of atlas with a broader range of motion and higher dexterity than the former model 120 121 g1 in may 2024 unitree robotics released new humanoid robot with upgraded mobility most noted for its affordable price point starting at 16k 122 the design is comparable to boston dynamic s upgraded atlas humanplus in june 2024 stanford researchers announced a prototype robot that could mimic human movement to learn how to perform actions such as playing table tennis and the piano 123 digit in june 2024 agility robotics announced that 5 of its digit robots had begun handling tasks in the factory of its customer gxo logistics 124 2025 se01 in february 2025 engine ai demonstrated a humanoid robot that could perform a forward flip 125 factory deployments in 2025 humanoid robots entered mass industrial deployment for the first time figure ai s figure 02 supported production of over 30 000 vehicles at bmw s spart...
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