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rahi 1930 1996 shiv kumar batalvi 1936 1973 surjit patar 1944 and pash 1950 1988 are some of the more prominent poets and writers from india status despite punjabi s rich literary history it was not until 1947 that it would be recognised as an official language previous governments in the area of the punjab had favoured persian hindustani or even earlier standardised versions of local registers as the language of the court or government after the annexation of the sikh empire by the british east india company following the second anglo sikh war in 1849 the british policy of establishing a uniform language for administration was expanded into the punjab the british empire employed urdu in its administration of north central and northwestern india while in the north east of india bengali language was used as the language of administration despite its lack of official sanction the punjabi language continued to flourish as an instrument of cultural production with rich literary traditions continuing until modern times the sikh religion with its gurmukhi script played a special role in standardising and providing education in the language via gurdwaras while writers of all religions continued to produce poetry prose and literature in the language in india punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of india it is the first official language of the indian state of punjab punjabi also has second language official status in delhi along with urdu and in haryana in pakistan no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level and as such punjabi is not an official language at the national level even though it is the most spoken language in pakistan it is widely spoken in punjab pakistan 88 the second largest and the most populous province of pakistan as well as in islamabad capital territory the only two official languages in pakistan are urdu and english 89 in pakistan the proportion of people with punjabi as their mother tongue in each pakistani district as of the 2017 pakistan census a demonstration by punjabis at lahore pakistan demanding to make punjabi as official language of instruction in schools in punjab in 1908 mian shafi a muslim elite opposed prof mukherjee s comment that punjabi should become the provincial language of the british province of punjab refuting that the language of muslims was urdu jinnah opposed motilal nehru s 1928 proposal that every province should have its own language alongside the hindustani language as the national language with jinnah stating that urdu was the language of muslims in a communication to jawaharlal nehru liaqat ali khan opposed a 1937 proposal by gandhi to deliver free education to children in their mother tongue 90 when pakistan was created in 1947 despite punjabi being the majority language in west pakistan and bengali the majority in east pakistan and pakistan as whole english and urdu were chosen as the official languages the selection of urdu was due to its association with south asian muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group s language over another due to this the punjabi elites started identifying with urdu more than punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an ethnoreligious perspective 91 broadcasting in punjabi language by pakistan broadcasting corporation decreased on tv and radio after 1947 article 251 of the constitution of pakistan declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages 92 however in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the bengali language punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in punjab province unlike sindhi and pashto in other provinces 93 pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective while punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education one notable example is the teaching of punjabi language and literature by the university of the punjab in lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its punjabi department 94 95 in the cultural sphere there are many books plays and songs being written or produced in the punjabi language in pakistan until the 1970s there were a large number of punjabi language films being produced by the lollywood film industry however since then urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production additionally television channels in punjab province centred on the lahore area are broadcast in urdu the preeminence of urdu in both broadcasting and the lollywood film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language 96 97 zia ul haq banned three works promoting the punjabi language 98 until the early 1990s members of the punjab assembly were forbidden to address the house in punjabi 99 however this ban was lifted by hanif ramay yet was re instated shortly after 99 the use of urdu and english as the near exclusive languages of broadcasting the public sector and formal education have led some to fear that punjabi in pakistan is being relegated to a low status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish several prominent educational leaders researchers and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the punjabi language amounts to a process of urdu isation that is detrimental to the health of the punjabi language 100 101 102 in august 2015 the pakistan academy of letters international writer s council iwc and world punjabi congress wpc organised the khawaja farid conference and demanded that a punjabi language university should be established in lahore and that punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level 103 104 in september 2015 a case was filed in supreme court of pakistan against government of punjab pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the punjabi language in the province 105 106 additionally several thousand punjabis gather in lahore every year on international mother language day thinktanks political organisations cultural projects and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres 107 108 109 despite being the most widely spoken language in pakistan the language is in decline 110 111 112 the punjabi language s decline in pakistan has been attributed to various causes such as lack of official recognition lack of prestige promotion of urdu and english to dispell fears of punjabi domination by ethnic minorities and other factors 113 99 98 114 the language has been relegated to informal communication also as a means for crude humour abuse and to connect with uneducated masses 99 parents who speak punjabi opt to only communicate to their children in urdu or english with punjabi being seen as paindu shorthand for backwardness or uneducated 115 in june 2024 the punjab assembly passed a resolution to allow lawmakers to communicate in punjabi 116 in october 2024 the punjab province s assembly passed a resolution to make punjabi an official subject across more sectors of the education system as a compulsory subject 117 in march 2024 maryam nawaz announced the introduction of punjabi as a subject in schools 118 in november 2025 maryam nawaz again pushed for the inclusion of punjabi language education in pakistan s educational institutions 119 120 121 there is currently a punjabi language revitalisation movement in pakistan 122 in india at the federal level punjabi has official status via the eighth schedule to the indian constitution 123 earned after the punjabi suba movement of the 1950s 124 at the state level punjabi is the sole official language of the state of punjab while it has secondary official status in the states of haryana and delhi 125 in 2012 it was also made additional official language of west bengal in areas where the population exceeds 10 of a particular block sub division or district 12 both union and state laws specify the use of punjabi in the field of education the state of punjab uses the three language formula and punjabi is required to be either the medium of instruction or one of the three languages learnt in all schools in punjab 126 punjabi is also a compulsory language in haryana 127 and other states with a significant punjabi speaking minority are required to offer punjabi medium education dubious discuss there are vibrant punjabi language movie and news industries in india however punjabi serials have had a much smaller presence within the last few decades in television up to 2015 due to market forces 128 despite punjabi having far greater official recognition in india where the punjabi language is officially admitted in all necessary social functions while in pakistan it is used only in a few radio and tv programs attitudes of the english educated elite towards the language are ambivalent as they are in neighbouring pakistan 123 37 there are also claims of state apathy towards the language in non punjabi majority areas like haryana and delhi 129 130 131 advocacy punjabi university was established on 30 april 1962 and is only the second university in the world to be named after a language after hebrew university of jerusalem the research centre for punjabi language technology punjabi university patiala 132 is working for development of core technologies for punjabi digitisation of basic materials online punjabi teaching developing software for office use in punjabi providing common platform to punjabi cyber community 133 punjabipedia an online encyclopaedia was also launched by patiala university in 2014 134 135 the dhahan prize was created to award literary works produced in punjabi around the world the prize encourages new writing by awarding 25 000 cdn annually to one best book of fiction published in either of the two punjabi scripts gurmukhi or shahmukhi two second prizes of 5 000 cdn are also awarded with the provision that both scripts are represented among the three winners the dhahan prize is awarded by canada india education society cies 136 governmental academies and institutes the punjabi sahit academy ludhiana established in 1954 137 138 is supported by the punjab state government and works exclusively for promotion of the punjabi language as does the punjabi academy in delhi 139 the jammu and kashmir academy of art culture and literature 140 in jammu and kashmir ut india works for punjabi and other regional languages like urdu dogri gojri etc institutions in neighbouring states 141 as well as in lahore pakistan 142 also advocate for the language punjabi sahit academy ludhiana 1954 punjabi academy delhi 1981 1982 jammu and kashmir academy of art culture and literature punjab institute of language art and culture lahore 2004 software software is available for the punjabi language on almost all platforms this software is mainly in the gurmukhi script nowadays nearly all punjabi newspapers magazines journals and periodicals are composed on computers via various punjabi software programmes the most widespread of which is inpage desktop publishing package microsoft has included punjabi language support in all the new versions of windows and both windows vista microsoft office 2007 2010 and 2013 are available in punjabi through the language interface pack 143 support most linux desktop distributions allow the easy installation of punjabi support and translations as well 144 apple implemented the punjabi language keyboard across mobile devices 145 google also provides many applications in punjabi like google search 146 google translate 147 and google punjabi input tools 148 gallery guru granth sahib in gurmukhi punjabi gurmukhi script punjabi shahmukhi script bulleh shah poetry in punjabi shahmukhi script munir niazi poetry in punjabi shahmukhi script gurmukhi alphabet a sign board in punjabi language along with hindi at hanumangarh rajasthan india see also punjab portal languages portal bhangra music type of popular music associated with punjabi culture khalsa bole coded language of nihang sikhs largely based on punjabi list of punjabi language newspapers punjabi cinema punjabi language movement notes 2011 indian census and 2023 pakistani census the figure includes the saraiki and hindko varieties which have been separately enumerated in pakistani censuses since 1981 and 2017 respectively 88 9 million punjabi general 28 8 million saraiki 5 5 million hindko in pakistan 2023 31 1 in india 2011 0 8 in saudi arabia ethnologue 0 6 in canada 2016 0 3 in the united kingdom 2011 0 3 in the united states 2017 0 2 in australia 2016 and 0 2 in the united arab emirates see geographic distribution below paishachi saurasheni or gandhari prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor middle indo aryan language to punjabi 1 8 9 10 11 in blocks and divisions with at least 10 punjabi speakers 12 p ʌ n ˈ dʒ ɑː b i pun jah bee 14 shahmukhi پنجابی gurmukhi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ punjabi pə̞ˈɲd͡ʒaːbːi ⓘ 15 punjabi is the british english spelling and pañjābī is the romanized spelling from the native scripts 2011 indian census and 2023 pakistani census the figure includes the saraiki and hindko varieties which have been separately enumerated in pakistani censuses since 1981 and 2017 respectively 88 9 million punjabi general 28 8 million saraiki 5 5 million hindko in pakistan 2023 31 1 in india 2011 0 8 in saudi arabia ethnologue 0 6 in canada 2016 0 3 in the united kingdom 2011 0 3 in the united states 2017 0 2 in australia 2016 and 0 2 in the united arab emirates see geographic distribution below standard or eastern dialect pakistani majhi and western dialects usually pronounce it as käː ɾᵊ jː is found in one other instance for the name of the gurmukhi letter ਯ yayyā ਯੱਯਾ this never occurs with ɳ and ɽ and is rare before ʋ ɾ ɦ bindī ṭippī or nūn ġunna before a consonant often causes it to be pre nasalised except where there is a true nasal vowel references citations a b singh sikander april 2019 the origin theories of punjabi language a context of historiography of punjabi language international journal of sikh studies a b haldar gopal 2000 languages of india new delhi national book trust india p 149 isbn 9788123729367 the age of old punjabi up to 1600 a d it is said that evidence of old punjabi can be found in the granth sahib a b c bhatia tej k 2013 punjabi a cognitive descriptive grammar reprint ed london routledge p xxv isbn 9781136894602 as an independent language punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development old punjabi 10th to 16th century medieval punjabi 16th to 19th century and modern punjabi 19th century to present a b christopher shackle arvind mandair 2013 0 2 1 form teachings of the sikh gurus selections from the scri...
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