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of 360 m 1 180 ft which is surrounded by granite domes and towers 5 farther west the valleys of the uba the ulba and the bukhtarma open south westwards towards the irtysh the lower part of the first like the lower valley of the charysh is heavily populated in the valley of the ulba is the riddersk mine at the foot of the ivanovsk peak 2 060 m 6 760 ft the valley of the bukhtarma which has a length of 320 km 200 mi also has its origin at the foot of the belukha and the kuitun peaks and it falls some 1 500 m 4 900 ft in about 3 000 km 1 900 mi from an alpine plateau at an elevation of 1 900 m 6 200 ft to the bukhtarma fortress 345 m 1 132 ft its upper parts have glaciers the best known of which is the berel which descends from the belukha on the northern side of the range which separates the upper bukhtarma from the upper katun is the katun glacier which after two ice falls widen out to 700 900 m 2 300 3 000 ft 5 the middle and lower parts of the bukhtarma valley have been colonized since the 18th century by runaway russian peasants serfs and religious schismatics raskolniks who created a free republic there on chinese territory after this part of the valley was annexed to russia in 1869 it was rapidly colonized the high valleys farther north on the same western face of the sailughem range are lightly populated mostly by kyrgyz shepherds 5 the areas of the bashkaus chulyshman and chulcha all three leading to the alpine lake of teletskoye length 80 km 50 mi maximum width 5 km 3 1 mi elevation 520 m 1 710 ft area 230 8 km 2 89 1 sq mi maximum depth 310 m 1 020 ft mean depth 200 m 660 ft are inhabited by telengit people the shores of the lake rise almost sheer to over 1 800 m 5 900 ft from this lake issues the biya which joins the katun at biysk and then meanders through the prairies north west of the altai 5 farther north the altai highlands is the kuznetsk district which has a slightly different geological aspect but belongs to the altai system the abakan river which rises on the western shoulder of the sayan mountains belongs to the system of the yenisei the kuznetsk ala tau range on the left bank of the abakan runs north east into the government of yeniseisk while a complex of mountains chukchut salair abakan fills up the country northwards towards the trans siberian railway and westwards towards the ob 5 the ek tagh or mongolian altai which separates the khovd basin on the north from the irtysh basin on the south is a true border range in that it rises in a steep and lofty escarpment from the dzungarian depression 470 900 m 1 540 2 950 ft but descends on the north by a relatively short slope to the plateau 1 150 1 680 m 3 770 5 510 ft of north western mongolia east of 94 e the range is continued by a double series of mountain chains all of which exhibit less sharply marked orographical features and are at considerably lower elevations the slopes of the constituent chains of the system are inhabited principally by nomadic kyrgyz 5 the five highest mountains of the altai are belukha mountain russia and kazakhstan 4 506 m 14 783 ft khüiten peak mongolia and china 4 374 m 14 350 ft mönkhkhairkhan mountain mongolia 4 204 m 13 793 ft sutai mountain mongolia 4 220 m 13 850 ft tsambagarav mountain mongolia 4 195 m 13 763 ft fauna edit skull of a siberian ibex found near the belukha wisent herd at a nursery of the russian academy of sciences in the russian altai shebalinsky district altai republic the altai sayan ecoregion is located at the intersection of the central asian and siberian faunal provinces the altai mountains are home to a diverse fauna because of its different habitats like steppes northern taigas and alpine vegetation steep slopes are home to the siberian ibex capra sibirica whereas the rare argali ovis ammon is found on more gentle slopes deer are represented by five species altai wapiti cervus elaphus sibiricus moose alces alces forest reindeer rangifer tarandus valentinae siberian musk deer moschus moschiferus and siberian roe deer capreolus pygargus moose and reindeer however are restricted to the northern parts of the mountain range the wild boar sus scrofa is found in the lower foothills and surrounding lowlands until recently the mongolian gazelle procapra gutturosa was found in the russian altai mountains more specifically in the chuya river steppe close to the mongolian border large predators are represented by snow leopards panthera uncia syn uncia uncia wolves canis lupus eurasian lynx lynx lynx and brown bears ursus arctos in the northern parts also by the wolverine gulo gulo 7 the tien shan dhole cuon alpinus hesperius a northwestern subspecies of the asiatic wild dog also lived there most species of the region are of mongolian origin 8 the western siberian eagle owl can be found in the western part of the mountains until the 20th century the caspian tiger panthera tigris tigris was found in the southern parts of the altai mountains where it reached lake zaisan and the black irtysh single individuals were also shot further north for example close to barnaul 9 closely related to the caspian tiger is the extant amur tiger which has the taxonomic name panthera tigris altaica 10 the wisent was present in the altai mountains until the middle ages perhaps even until the 18th century today there is a small herd in a nursery in the altai republic 11 moor frogs are near bodies of water as high up as 2 000 m 6 600 ft in the altai mountains 12 history edit prehistory edit the altai mountains have retained a remarkably stable climate changing little since the last ice age 13 in addition the mix of mammals has remained largely the same with a few exceptions such as extinct mammoths making it one of the few places on earth to retain an ice age fauna 13 genetic analysis in 2026 also determined that the altai region served as a likely primary refugium for the woolly rhinoceros which had originated during the penultimate glacial period during the warmer period of the last interglacial 14 the altai mountains were home to the denisovan branch of hominids who were contemporaries of neanderthals and of homo sapiens modern humans descended from hominids who reached asia earlier than modern humans 13 the denisova hominin dated to 40 000 years ago was discovered in the denisova cave of the altai mountains in southern siberia in 2008 knowledge of the denisovan humans derives primarily from dna evidence and artifacts as no complete skeletons have yet been recovered dna evidence has been unusually well preserved because of the low average temperature in the denisova caves neanderthal bones and tools made by homo sapiens have also been found in the denisova cave making it the only place in the world where all three hominids are known to have lived 13 a dog like canid from 33 000 years ago was found in the razboinichya cave 15 16 dna analysis published in 2013 affirmed that it was more closely related to modern dogs than to wolves 17 reconstruction of a saka scythian found in the kurgan olon kurin gol 10 in pazyryk altai mountains mongolia neolithic and bronze age edit the afanasievans are considered as the earliest herders of east asia who were instrumental in the establishment of the long tradition of pastoralism in mongolia 18 the afanasevan population was descended from people who migrated c 3700 3300 bce across the eurasian steppe from the pre yamnaya repin culture of the don volga region 19 in the altai mountains and to the southeast afanasievans seem to have coexisted with the early period of the chemurchek culture for some time 20 the afanasevo culture was replaced by the second wave of indo european migrations from the andronovo culture during late bronze age and early iron age 21 numerous eastern scythian remains have been found in an excellent state of preservation in the altai mountains with soft tissues such as skin and hair preserved 22 the altai mountains have been identified as being the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the seima turbino phenomenon 23 which arose during the bronze age around the start of the 2nd millennium bc and led to a rapid and massive migration of peoples from the region into distant parts of europe and asia citation needed later history edit the area was part of the xiongnu empire the first turkic khaganate the uyghur empire and the yeniseian kyrgyzs it was during this time that the local population became fully turkicized culturally and linguistically 24 there is increasing evidence for a partial continuity from the eastern scythians to the turkic speakers of the altai region 25 some historians believe that the altai mountain region may have been the location where skiing was born however this remains disputed evidence to support the claims includes several cave petroglyphs within the altai mountains in modern china that depict human figures on skis that are chasing after an ibex according to a study published by the australian rock art research association aura in 2016 this rock art was estimated to be from between 4 000 and 5 250 years ago which consequently meant it may be just as old or possibly older than ancient skiing rock art and artefacts located in scandinavia however dating petroglyphs accurately with current technology is very difficult the oldest known text that describes skiing is from a chinese text that dates to the western han dynasty 206 bc to 24 ad and refers to skiers in the altai mountains 26 27 28 29 30 world heritage site edit main article golden mountains of altai lake teletskoye natural park of belukha a vast area of 16 178 km 2 6 246 sq mi 2 which incorporates the altai and katun natural reserves lake teletskoye mount belukha and the ukok plateau this area is designated as a world heritage site unesco entitled the golden mountains of altai as stated in the unesco description of the site the region represents the most complete sequence of altitudinal vegetation zones in central siberia from steppe forest steppe mixed forest subalpine vegetation to alpine vegetation while making its decision unesco also cited russian altai s importance for preservation of the globally endangered mammals such as snow leopard altai argali and siberian ibex that live in these mountains 31 the uvs nuur basin is also a protected site violations of the protection status of argali sheep and other species have been alleged together with accusations of corruption in the altaigate scandal the incident arose from the death of several russian vips in a helicopter crash early in 2009 purportedly on a poaching excursion geology edit the siberian altai represents the northernmost region affected by the tectonic collision of india into asia extensive fault systems run through the area including the kurai fault zone and the recently identified tashanta fault zone these fault systems are typically thrusts or right lateral strike slip faults some of which are tectonically active rock types in the mountains are typically granites and metamorphic schists and some are highly sheared near to fault zones geologist victor r baker has discovered past cataclysmic floods in the altai mountains of siberia from an even larger glacial lake than lake missoula which was once thought to have been the largest ice dammed lake in the world 32 seismic activity edit although earthquakes are generally rare occurrences on september 27 2003 a large earthquake measuring m w 7 3 occurred in the chuya basin area to the south of the altai region this earthquake and its aftershocks devastated much of the region causing 10 6 million in damage usgs and wiping out the village of beltir see also edit geography portal china portal russia portal altai republic altai krai altay prefecture govi altai province altaic languages altay language altai sayan region list of altai mountains references edit graeme worboys 2010 connectivity conservation management a global guide earthscan p 247 isbn 978 1 84407 603 1 the population of the altai frontier regions is mostly represented by indigenous ethnic minorities of semi nomadic stockbreeders kazakhs altais telenghets tuvins dyurbets and ugyurs olson james stuart 1994 an ethnohistorical dictionary of the russian and soviet empires greenwood press p 32 isbn 978 0 313 27497 8 the traditional altai economy revolved around breeding cattle and hunting they also bred deer and harvested the animals for their antlers which were exported to china for use in the manufacture of folk medicines janhunen juha a january 17 2023 the unity and diversity of altaic annual review of linguistics 9 135 154 doi 10 1146 annurev linguistics 030521 042356 hdl 10138 355895 issn 2333 9683 mccoll r w 2014 encyclopedia of world geography volume 1 infobase p 19 isbn 978 0 8160 7229 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 kropotkin 1911 p 758 altai republic official portal eng altai republic ru june 30 1999 archived from the original on march 16 2012 retrieved august 13 2012 klotz gerhard et al 1989 hochgebirge der erde und ihre pflanzen und tierwelt in german leipzig urania verlag isbn 3 332 00209 0 altai mountains encyclopedia britannica archived from the original on june 23 2015 retrieved december 28 2021 mazak vratislav 2004 der tiger nachdruck der 3 auflage von 1983 hohenwarsleben westarp wissenschaften isbn 3 89432 759 6 cite journal cs1 maint periodical has isbn link nowell k jackson p 1996 wild cats status survey and conservation action plan iucn ssc cat specialist group gland switzerland archived from the original on march 31 2023 retrieved march 17 2016 sipko taras p 2009 european bison in russia past present and future european bison conservation newsletter vol 2 pp 148 159 archived from the original on march 2 2018 retrieved march 1 2018 roček zbyněk šandera martin august 2008 distribution of rana arvalis in europe a historical perspective pdf zeitschrift für feldherpetologie 135 150 1 2 3 4 colin barras january 23 2014 ice age animals live on in eurasian mountain range new scientist retrieved march 4 2014 lei xiao le ruan jiaoyang liang xueyuan teixeira raquel zhang jiangyue gilardet alexandre zhou xu han yu zhao zhihan yue hai yan kozlikin maxim vasiliev sergey medvedev stanislav kruskop sergei xing song september 10 2026 paleogenomics and habitat modeling reveal temperate eurasian origins of woolly rhinoceroses science 393 6816 1122 1127 doi 10 1126 science aed0430 issn 0036 8075 retrieved september 16 2026 pritchard hamish august 3 2011 ancient dog skull unearthed in siberia bbc news retrieved august 4 2011 ovodov nikolai d crockford susan j kuzmin yaroslav v higham thomas f g hodgins gregory w l plicht johannes van der july 28 2011 a 33 000 year old incipient dog from the altai mountains of siberia evidence of the earliest domestication disrupted by the last glacial maximum plos one 6 7 e22821 bibcode 2011ploso 622821o doi 10 1371 journal pone 0022821 pmc 3145761 pmid 21829526 druzhkova anna s thalmann olaf trifonov vladimir a march 6 2013 ancient dna analysis affirms the canid from altai as a primitive...
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