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s welfare in germany and hartz_concept hartz_iv the welfare state has a long tradition in germany dating to the industrial revolution due to the pressure of the workers movement in the late 19th century reichskanzler otto von bismarck introduced the first rudimentary state social insurance scheme under adolf hitler the national socialist program stated we demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare today the social protection of all its citizens is considered a central pillar of german national policy 27 6 percent of germany s gdp is channeled into an all embracing system of health pension accident longterm care and unemployment insurance compared to 16 2 percent in the us in addition there are tax financed services such as child benefits kindergeld beginning at 192 per month for the first and second child 198 for the third and 223 for each child thereafter until they attain 25 years or receive their first professional qualification 82 and basic provisions for those unable to work or anyone with an income below the poverty line 83 since 2005 reception of full unemployment pay 60 67 of the previous net salary has been restricted to 12 months in general and 18 months for those over 55 this is now followed by usually much lower arbeitslosengeld ii alg ii or sozialhilfe which is independent of previous employment hartz iv concept as of 2022 update under alg ii single adults receive up to 449 per month plus the cost of adequate housing alg ii can also be paid partially to employed persons to supplement a low work income india edit main article social programs in india the directive principles of india enshrined in part iv of the indian constitution reflect that india is a welfare state the national food security act 2013 aims to guarantee right to food to all citizens 84 the welfare system was fragmented until the passing of the code on social security 2020 which standardised most of the programmes 85 the government of india s social programmes and welfare expenditures are a substantial portion of the official budget and state and local governments play roles in developing and implementing social security policies additional welfare measure systems are also uniquely operated by various state governments 86 87 the government uses the aadhaar system to distribute welfare measures in india some of the social programmes undertaken by the government are direct cash transfers for the poor financial inclusion of all individuals statutory insurances for health and accidents free school meals rural employment guarantee various subsidies benefits pensions provident funds as of 2023 update the government s expenditure on social programme and welfare was approximately 21 3 lakh crore us 220 billion which was 8 3 of gross domestic product gdp 88 in 2020 the expenditure was 17 1 lakh crore equivalent to 20 trillion or us 210 billion in 2023 accounting for 7 7 of gdp 89 israel edit main article welfare in israel the israeli government spend 86 billion nis 22 8 billion in 2014 90 they are administered by the ministry of social affairs and social services and by israel s national social security agency bituah leumi social security schemes include pensions for the elderly and the disabled 91 92 unemployment benefits 93 and income support for low income households 94 all residents of israel must pay insurance contributions to qualify for welfare 95 italy edit main article italian welfare state the italian welfare state s foundations were laid along the lines of the corporatist conservative model or of its mediterranean variant citation needed later in the 1960s and 1970s increases in public spending and a major focus on universality brought it on the same path as social democratic systems in 1978 a universalistic welfare model was introduced in italy offering a number of universal and free services such as a national health fund 96 japan edit main article welfare in japan social welfare assistance for the ill or otherwise disabled and for the old has long been provided in japan by both the government and private companies beginning in the 1920s the government enacted a series of welfare programs based mainly on european models to provide medical care and financial support during the postwar period a comprehensive system of social security was gradually established 97 98 latin america edit history edit the 1980s marked a change in the structure of latin american social protection programs social protection embraces three major areas social insurance financed by workers and employers social assistance to the population s poorest financed by the state and labor market regulations to protect worker rights 99 although diverse recent latin american social policy has tended to concentrate on social assistance the 1980s had a significant effect on social protection policies prior to the 1980s most latin american countries focused on social insurance policies involving formal sector workers assuming that the informal sector would disappear with economic development the economic crisis of the 1980s and the liberalization of the labor market led to a growing informal sector and a rapid increase in poverty and inequality latin american countries did not have the institutions and funds to properly handle such a crisis both due to the structure of the social security system and to the previously implemented structural adjustment policies saps that had decreased the size of the state new welfare programs have integrated the multidimensional social risk management and capabilities approaches into poverty alleviation they focus on income transfers and service provisions while aiming to alleviate both long and short term poverty through among other things education health security and housing unlike previous programs that targeted the working class new programs have successfully focused on locating and targeting the very poorest the impacts of social assistance programs vary between countries and many programs have yet to be fully evaluated according to barrientos and santibanez the programs have been more successful in increasing investment in human capital than in bringing households above the poverty line challenges still exist including the extreme inequality levels and the mass scale of poverty locating a financial basis for programs and deciding on exit strategies or on the long term establishment of programs 99 1980s impacts edit the economic crisis of the 1980s led to a shift in social policies as understandings of poverty and social programs evolved 24 new mostly short term programs emerged these include 100 argentina jefes y jefas de hogar asignación universal por hijo bolivia bonosol brazil bolsa escola and bolsa familia chile chile solidario es colombia solidaridad por colombia ecuador bono de desarrollo humano honduras red solidaria mexico prospera earlier known as oportunidades panama red de oportunidades peru juntos major aspects of current social assistance programs edit conditional cash transfer cct combined with service provisions transfer cash directly to households most often through the women of the household if certain conditions are met e g children s school attendance or doctor visits 10 providing free schooling or healthcare is often not sufficient because there is an opportunity cost for the parents in for example sending children to school lost labor power or in paying for the transportation costs of getting to a health clinic household the household has been the focal point of social assistance programs target the poorest recent programs have been more successful than past ones in targeting the poorest previous programs often targeted the working class multidimensional programs have attempted to address many dimensions of poverty at once chile solidario is the best example new zealand edit main article welfare in new zealand new zealand is often regarded as having one of the first comprehensive welfare systems in the world during the 1890s a liberal government adopted many social programmes to help the poor who had suffered from a long economic depression in the 1880s one of the most far reaching was the passing of tax legislation that made it difficult for wealthy sheep farmers to hold onto their large land holdings this and the invention of refrigeration led to a farming revolution where many sheep farms were broken up and sold to become smaller dairy farms this enabled thousands of new farmers to buy land and develop a new and vigorous industry that has become the backbone of new zealand s economy to this day this liberal tradition flourished with increased enfranchisement for indigenous māori in the 1880s and women pensions for the elderly the poor and war casualties followed with state run schools hospitals and subsidized medical and dental care by 1960 new zealand was able to afford one of the best developed and most comprehensive welfare systems in the world supported by a well developed and stable economy norway edit main article no kontanthjælp norway has a strong welfare state that provides a range of social services and financial assistance to its citizens the norwegian welfare state is based on the principles of social democracy which means that it has a strong focus on reducing income inequality and promoting social cohesion the norwegian welfare state provides a range of services including universal healthcare free education and a comprehensive system of social security it also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits housing assistance and social assistance for low income families philippines edit main article department of social welfare and development in philippines social welfare is mainly provided by the department of social welfare and development dswd dswd provides social welfare such as cash assistance ayuda and physical goods 101 the pantawid pamilyang pilipino program is one of the most well known social welfare programs by the dswd where cash grants are given to parents and guardians in poverty to help their children continue schooling this has assisted parents and guardians in poverty by helping them buy food and school supplies for their dependents 102 the sustainable livelihood program slp is also another social welfare program where the dswd provides education cash grants or items such as vehicles and food stalls to individuals and communities to aid in their livelihoods slp grants are given to individuals such as street food vendors and organisations such as farmers cooperatives 103 dswd also provides medical assistance for those who cannot afford the out of pocket cost of hospitalisation as philhealth s coverage usually does not cover the full expense other government agencies and companies also provide social welfare such as the philippine charity sweepstakes office department of health and offices of house representatives in their respective congressional districts poland edit main article welfare in poland the polish welfare state provides a range of services including universal healthcare free education and a comprehensive system of social security such as 13th pension and 14th pension it also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits housing assistance and social assistance for low income families for example rodzina 800 plus programme it has undergone significant changes in recent years including the implementation of structural reforms and the introduction of market oriented policies which have had an impact on the level and quality of social services provided russia edit main article social security system in russia this section is empty you can help by adding to it july 2020 sri lanka edit main article welfare in sri lanka sri lanka has a long history of social programmes dating back to its ancient times deep rooted in the island s buddhist culture modern social welfare legislation dates back to the donoughmore constitution citation needed south africa edit main articles social welfare programmes in south africa and department of social development south africa this section is empty you can help by adding to it july 2020 south korea edit main article welfare in south korea south korean social security system and welfare is based on the right to social security stipulated in the constitution of the republic of korea and the social security related laws based on this right the country divides its social security system into three main systems social insurance social assistance and social welfare services 104 employment insurance began in 1995 and became applicable to all workers in 1998 with contributions split equally between employers and insured workers 105 spain edit main article social security in spain welfare in spain is characterized by a mediterranean welfare state model based on three pillars education health and pensions 106 as in most european countries in spain the welfare state is a great achievement for its society since the state guarantees protection to all people who may find themselves in a situation of economic difficulty or any other the social policies implemented by the spanish state as in the rest of europe are a set of measures and tools aimed at protecting and ensuring basic human needs especially in the field of education health and economic security the mediterranean welfare state model is found not only in spain but also in countries such as italy greece and portugal countries in the mediterranean region where social protection arrived late in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century it is a model that mixes elements of the liberal or anglo saxon and continental or bismarckian welfare state it is characterized as the welfare model with the lowest spending with little investment in social assistance a more fragmented social security system and high spending on pensions making pension benefits greater than unemployment benefits one of the most particular features of the mediterranean model is the large role of the family which combines with the market and the state in the provision of welfare thus the state assumes that the family covers certain services such as childcare or care for the elderly which in other models would be covered by the state 107 as for the labor market it is characterized by high employment protection the persistence of gender biases and a lower dispersion of workers wages due to the importance of trade unions in negotiations the spanish social welfare program can be separated into three categories or fundamental pillars education health and pension system as established in the spanish constitution ratified on december 29 1978 it relies especially on article 27 on education article 41 on the social security system and article 50 on the pension system the beginnings of the spanish welfare state date back to the last decade of dictatorship francoist spain when it began to develop through the social security law of 1963 later...
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