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to high consumption relative to availability future predictions edit girls of squatter settlement in dharan collect water from river in the 20th century water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of the population increase specifically water withdrawals are likely to rise by 50 percent by 2025 in developing countries and 18 per cent in developed countries 43 one continent for example africa has been predicted to have 75 to 250 million inhabitants lacking access to fresh water 44 by 2025 1 8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity and two thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions 45 by 2050 more than half of the world s population will live in water stressed areas and another billion may lack sufficient water mit researchers find 46 with the increase in global temperatures and an increase in water demand six out of ten people are at risk of being water stressed the drying out of wetlands globally at around 67 was a direct cause of a large number of people at risk of water stress as global demand for water increases and temperatures rise it is likely that two thirds of the population will live under water stress in 2025 47 37 191 according to a projection by the united nations by 2040 there can be about 4 5 billion people affected by a water crisis or water scarcity additionally with the increase in population there will be a demand for food and for the food output to match the population growth there would be an increased demand for water to irrigate crops 48 the world economic forum estimates that global water demand will surpass global supply by 40 by 2030 49 50 increasing the water demand as well as increasing the population results in a water crisis where there is not enough water to share in healthy levels the crises are not only due to quantity but quality also matters a study found that 6 20 of about 39 million groundwater wells are at high risk of running dry if local groundwater levels decline by a few meters in many areas and with possibly more than half of major aquifers 51 this would apply if they simply continue to decline 52 53 impacts edit see also water security water supply shortages edit see also wash a typical dry lakebed is seen in california which was experiencing its worst megadrought in 1 200 years as of 2022 precipitated by climate change and is therefore water rationing 54 controllable factors such as the management and distribution of the water supply can contribute to scarcity a 2006 united nations report focuses on issues of governance as the core of the water crisis the report noted that there is enough water for everyone it also said water insufficiency is often due to mismanagement corruption lack of appropriate institutions bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and physical infrastructure 55 economists and others have argued that a lack of property rights government regulations and water subsidies have given rise to the situation with water these factors cause prices to be too low and consumption too high making a point for water privatization 56 57 58 the clean water crisis is an emerging global crisis affecting approximately 785 million people around the world 59 1 1 billion people lack access to water and 2 7 billion experience water scarcity at least one month in a year 2 4 billion people suffer from contaminated water and poor sanitation contamination of water can lead to deadly diarrheal diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever and other waterborne diseases these account for 80 of illnesses around the world 60 environment edit deforestation of the madagascar highland plateau has led to extensive siltation and unstable flows of western rivers using water for domestic food and industrial uses has major impacts on ecosystems in many parts of the world this can apply even to regions not considered water scarce 3 water scarcity damages the environment in many ways these include adverse effects on lakes rivers ponds wetlands and other fresh water resources thus results in water overuse because water is scarce this often occurs in areas of irrigation agriculture it can harm the environment in several ways this includes increased salinity nutrient pollution and the loss of floodplains and wetlands 25 61 water scarcity also makes it harder to use flow to rehabilitate urban streams 62 an abandoned ship in the former aral sea near aral kazakhstan through the last hundred years more than half of the earth s wetlands have been destroyed and have disappeared 9 these wetlands are important as the habitats of numerous creatures such as mammals birds fish amphibians and invertebrates they also support the growing of rice and other food crops and they provide water filtration and protection from storms and flooding freshwater lakes such as the aral sea in central asia have also suffered it was once the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world but it has lost more than 58 000 square km of area and vastly increased in salt concentration over the span of three decades 9 subsidence is another result of water scarcity the u s geological survey estimates that subsidence has affected more than 17 000 square miles in 45 u s states 80 percent of it due to groundwater usage 63 vegetation and wildlife need sufficient freshwater marshes bogs and riparian zones are more clearly dependent upon sustainable water supply forests and other upland ecosystems are equally at risk as water becomes less available in the case of wetlands a lot of ground has been simply taken from wildlife use to feed and house the expanding human population other areas have also suffered from a gradual fall in freshwater inflow as upstream water is diverted for human use potential for conflict edit other impacts include growing conflict between users and growing competition for water 17 6 examples for the potential for conflict from water scarcity include food insecurity in the middle east and north africa region 64 and regional conflicts over scarce water resources 65 causes and contributing factors edit population growth edit main article population growth around 1970s the common view was that water was an infinite resource at that time there were fewer than half the current number of people on the planet people were not as wealthy as today consumed fewer calories and ate less meat so less water was needed to produce their food they required a third of the volume of water we presently take from rivers today the competition for water resources is much more intense this is because there are now seven billion people on the planet and their consumption of water thirsty meat is rising and industry urbanization biofuel crops and water reliant food items are competing more and more for water in the future even more water will be needed to produce food because the earth s population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050 66 in 2000 the world population was 6 2 billion the un estimates that by 2050 there will be an additional 3 5 billion people with most of the growth in developing countries that already suffer water stress 67 this will increase demand for water unless there are corresponding increases in water conservation and recycling 68 in building on the data presented here by the un the world bank 69 goes on to explain that access to water for producing food will be one of the main challenges in the decades to come it will be necessary to balance access to water with managing water in a sustainable way at the same time it will be necessary to take the impact of climate change and other environmental and social variables into account 70 in 60 of european cities with more than 100 000 people groundwater is being used at a faster rate than it can be replenished 71 over exploitation of groundwater edit main article groundwater pivot irrigation in saudi arabia april 1997 saudi arabia is suffering from a major depletion of the water in its underground aquifers 72 the increase in the number of people is increasing competition for water this is depleting many of the world s major aquifers it has two causes one is direct human consumption the other is agricultural irrigation millions of pumps of all sizes are currently extracting groundwater throughout the world irrigation in dry areas such as northern china nepal and india draws on groundwater and it is extracting groundwater at an unsustainable rate many cities have experienced aquifer drops of between 10 and 50 meters they include mexico city bangkok beijing chennai and shanghai 73 until recently groundwater was not a highly used resource in the 1960s more and more groundwater aquifers developed 74 improved knowledge technology and funding have made it possible to focus more on drawing water from groundwater resources instead of surface water these made the agricultural groundwater revolution possible they expanded the irrigation sector which made it possible to increase food production and development in rural areas 75 groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the world 76 the large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a considerable buffer capacity this makes it possible to withdraw water during periods of drought or little rainfall 34 this is crucial for people that live in regions that cannot depend on precipitation or surface water for their only supplies it provides reliable access to water all year round as of 2010 the world s aggregated groundwater abstraction is estimated at 1 000 km 3 per year of this 67 goes on irrigation 22 on domestic purposes and 11 on industrial purposes 34 the top ten major consumers of abstracted water make up 72 of all abstracted water use worldwide they are india china united states of america pakistan iran bangladesh mexico saudi arabia indonesia and italy 34 goundwater sources are quite plentiful but one major area of concern is the renewal or recharge rate of some groundwater sources extracting from non rewable groundwater sources could exhaust them if they are not properly monitored and managed 77 increasing use of groundwater can also reduce water quality over time groundwater systems often show falls in natural outflows stored volumes and water levels as well as water degradation 34 groundwater depletion can cause harm in many ways these include more costly groundwater pumping and changes in salinity and other types of water quality they can also lead to land subsidence degraded springs and reduced baseflows expansion of agricultural and industrial users edit about 1 9 trillion gallons of water are consumed within the colorado river basin in a typical year 78 contributing to a severe water shortage and causing states to reach a conservation and resource sharing agreement with the federal government 79 most of the colorado river basin water used by humans is used to grow feed for livestock more than four times the amount used for crops for direct human consumption 78 the main cause of water scarcity as a result of consumption is the extensive use of water in agriculture livestock breeding and industry people in developed countries generally use about 10 times more water a day than people in developing countries 80 a large part of this is indirect use in water intensive agricultural and industrial production of consumer goods examples are fruit oilseed crops and cotton many of these production chains are globalized so a lot of water consumption and pollution in developing countries occurs to produce goods for consumption in developed countries 81 many aquifers have been over pumped and are not recharging quickly this does not use up the total fresh water supply but it means that much has become polluted salted unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking industry and agriculture to avoid a global water crisis farmers will have to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food at the same time industry and cities find will have to find ways to use water more efficiently 82 business activities such as tourism are continuing to expand they create a need for increases in water supply and sanitation this in turn can lead to more pressure on water resources and natural ecosystems the approximate 50 growth in world energy use by 2040 will also increase the need for efficient water use 82 it may means some water use shifts from irrigation to industry this is because thermal power generation uses water for steam generation and cooling 83 water pollution edit this section is an excerpt from water pollution edit water pollution or aquatic pollution is the contamination of water bodies which has a negative impact on how they can be used 84 6 it is usually caused by human activities water bodies include lakes rivers oceans aquifers reservoirs and groundwater water pollution results when contaminants mix with these water bodies contaminants can come from one of four main sources these are sewage discharges industrial activities agricultural activities and urban runoff including stormwater 85 water pollution may affect either surface water or groundwater this form of pollution can lead to many problems one is the degradation of aquatic ecosystems another is spreading water borne diseases when people use polluted water for drinking or irrigation 86 water pollution also reduces the ecosystem services such as drinking water provided by the water resource sources of water pollution are either point sources or non point sources 87 point sources have one identifiable cause such as a storm drain a wastewater treatment plant or an oil spill non point sources are more diffuse an example is agricultural runoff 88 pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time pollution may take many forms one would be toxic substances such as oil metals plastics pesticides persistent organic pollutants and industrial waste products another is stressful conditions such as changes of ph hypoxia or anoxia increased temperatures excessive turbidity or changes of salinity the introduction of pathogenic organisms is another contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances a common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers climate change edit further information effects of climate change on the water cycle and water security climate change climate change could have a big impact on water resources around the world because of the close connections between the climate and hydrological cycle rising temperatures will increase evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation however there will be regional variations in rainfall both droughts and floods may become more frequent and more severe in different regions at different times there will be generally less snowfall and more rainfall in a warmer climate 89 changes in snowfall and snow melt in mountainous areas will also take place higher temperatures will also affect water quality 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