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in april 1652 and the last irish catholic troops capitulated in april 1653 in county cavan 65 in the wake of the commonwealth s conquest of the island of ireland public practice of roman catholicism was banned and catholic priests were killed when captured 69 all catholic owned lands were confiscated under the act for the settlement of ireland 1652 and given to scottish and english settlers parliament s financial creditors and parliamentary soldiers 70 remaining catholic landowners were allocated poorer land in the province of connacht facing execution if they refused to relocate and thus giving rise to the phrase to hell or to connacht 71 scottish campaign 1650 1651 scots proclaim charles ii as king moray house on the royal mile cromwell s residence in edinburgh where he implored the assembly of the kirk to stop supporting charles ii cromwell left ireland in may 1650 and several months later invaded scotland after the scots had proclaimed charles i s son charles ii as king cromwell was much less hostile to scottish presbyterians some of whom had been his allies in the first english civil war than he was to irish catholics he described the scots as a people fearing his god s name though deceived 72 he made a famous appeal to the general assembly of the church of scotland urging them to see the error of the royal alliance i beseech you in the bowels of christ think it possible you may be mistaken 73 the scots reply was robust would you have us to be sceptics in our religion this decision to negotiate with charles ii led cromwell to believe that war was necessary 74 battle of dunbar his appeal was rejected cromwell s veteran troops went on to invade scotland at first the campaign went badly as cromwell s men were short of supplies and held up at fortifications manned by scottish troops under david leslie sickness began to spread in the ranks cromwell was on the brink of evacuating his army by sea from dunbar however on 3 september 1650 unexpectedly cromwell smashed the main scottish army at the battle of dunbar killing 4 000 scottish soldiers taking another 10 000 prisoner and then capturing the scottish capital of edinburgh 75 the victory was of such a magnitude that cromwell called it a high act of the lord s providence to us and one of the most signal mercies god hath done for england and his people 75 battle of worcester citadel archway built by cromwell soldiers in 1656 in leith edinburgh the following year charles ii and his scottish allies made an attempt to invade england and capture london while cromwell was engaged in scotland cromwell followed them south and caught them at worcester on 3 september 1651 and his forces destroyed the last major scottish royalist army at the battle of worcester charles ii barely escaped capture and fled to exile in france and the netherlands where he remained until 1660 76 to fight the battle cromwell organised an envelopment followed by a multi pronged coordinated attack on worcester his forces attacking from three directions with two rivers partitioning them he switched his reserves from one side of the river severn to the other and then back again cromwell s success at worcester relied on a degree of manoeuvre that the english parliamentary armies had not been skilled enough to execute at the start of the war such as at the battle of turnham green 77 in the final stages of the scottish campaign cromwell s men under george monck sacked dundee killing up to 1 000 men and 140 women and children 78 scotland was ruled from england during the commonwealth and was kept under military occupation with a line of fortifications sealing off the highlands which had provided manpower for royalist armies in scotland the northwest highlands was the scene of another pro royalist uprising in 1653 1655 which was put down with deployment of 6 000 english troops there 79 presbyterianism was allowed to be practised as before but the kirk the scottish church did not have the backing of the civil courts to impose its rulings as it had previously 80 return to england and dissolution of the rump parliament 1651 1653 english wikisource has original text related to this article dissolution of the long parliament cromwell was away on campaign from the middle of 1649 until 1651 and the various factions in parliament began to fight amongst themselves with the king gone as their common cause cromwell tried to galvanise the rump into setting dates for new elections uniting the three kingdoms under one polity and to put in place a broad brush tolerant national church the rump vacillated in setting election dates although it established a basic liberty of conscience but it failed to produce an alternative for tithes or to dismantle other aspects of the existing religious settlement according to the parliamentarian lawyer bulstrode whitelocke cromwell began to contemplate taking the crown for himself around this time though the evidence for this is retrospective and dubious 81 cromwell demanded that the rump establish a caretaker government in april 1653 of 40 members drawn from the rump and the army and then abdicate but the rump returned to debating its own bill for a new government 82 cromwell was so angered by this that he cleared the chamber and dissolved the parliament by force on 20 april 1653 supported by about 40 musketeers several accounts exist of this incident in one cromwell is supposed to have said you are no parliament i say you are no parliament i will put an end to your sitting 83 at least two accounts agree that he snatched up the ceremonial mace symbol of parliament s power and demanded that the bauble be taken away 84 his troops were commanded by charles worsley later one of his major generals and one of his most trusted advisors to whom he entrusted the mace 85 establishment of barebone s parliament 1653 after the dissolution of the rump power passed temporarily to a council that debated what form the constitution should take they took up the suggestion of major general thomas harrison for a sanhedrin of saints although cromwell did not subscribe to harrison s apocalyptic fifth monarchist beliefs which saw a sanhedrin as the starting point for christ s rule on earth he was attracted by the idea of an assembly made up of men chosen for their religious credentials in his speech during the assembly on 4 july cromwell thanked god s providence that he believed had brought england to this point and set out their divine mission truly god hath called you to this work by i think as wonderful providences as ever passed upon the sons of men in so short a time 86 the nominated assembly sometimes known as the parliament of saints or more commonly and denigratingly called barebone s parliament after one of its members praise god barebone was tasked with finding a permanent constitutional and religious settlement cromwell was invited to be a member but declined however the revelation that a considerably larger segment of the membership than had been believed were the radical fifth monarchists led to its members voting to dissolve it on 12 december 1653 out of fear of what the radicals might do if they took control of the assembly 87 the protectorate 1653 1658 see also the protectorate coat of arms of the protectorate banner of oliver cromwell after barebone s parliament was dissolved john lambert put forward a new constitution known as the instrument of government closely modelled on the heads of proposals this made cromwell undertake the chief magistracy and the administration of government later he was sworn as lord protector on 16 december with a ceremony in which he wore plain black clothing rather than any monarchical regalia 88 cromwell also changed his signature to oliver p with the p being an abbreviation for protector and soon others started to address cromwell as your highness 89 as protector he had to secure a majority vote in the council of state as the lord protector he was paid 100 000 a year equivalent to 19 586 229 in 2025 90 although cromwell stated that government by one man and a parliament is fundamental he believed that social issues should be prioritised 91 the social priorities did not include any meaningful attempt to reform the social order 92 small scale reform such as that carried out on the judicial system were outweighed by attempts to restore order to english politics tax slightly decreased and he prioritised peace and ending the first anglo dutch war 93 england s overseas possessions in this period included newfoundland the new england confederation the providence plantation the virginia colony the province of maryland and islands in the west indies cromwell soon secured the submission of these and largely left them to their own affairs intervening only to curb other puritans who had seized control of maryland colony at severn battle by his confirming the former roman catholic proprietorship and edict of tolerance there of all the english dominions virginia was the most resentful of cromwell s rule and cavalier emigration there mushroomed during the protectorate 94 cromwell famously stressed the quest to restore order in his speech to the first protectorate parliament 95 however the parliament was quickly dominated by those pushing for more radical properly republican reforms later the parliament initiated radical reform rather than opposing parliament s bill cromwell dissolved them on 22 january 1655 the first protectorate parliament had a property franchise of 200 per annum in real or personal property value set as the minimum value which a male adult was to possess before he was eligible to vote for the representatives from the counties or shires in the house of commons the house of commons representatives from the boroughs were elected by the burgesses or those borough residents who had the right to vote in municipal elections and by the aldermen and councilors of the boroughs 96 cromwell s signature before becoming lord protector in 1653 and afterwards oliver p standing for oliver protector similar in style to english monarchs who signed their names as for example elizabeth r standing for elizabeth regina broad of oliver cromwell dated 1656 on the obverse the latin inscription olivar d g rp ang sco et hib c pro translated as oliver by the grace of god of the republic of england scotland and ireland etc protector cromwell s second objective was reforms on the field of morality and religion 97 as a protectorate he established trials for the future parish ministers and dismissed unqualified ministers and rectors these triers and the ejectors were intended to be at the vanguard of cromwell s reform of parish worship this second objective is also the context in which to see the constitutional experiment of the major generals that followed the dissolution of the first protectorate parliament after a royalist uprising in march 1655 led by john penruddock cromwell influenced by lambert divided england into military districts ruled by army major generals who answered only to him the 15 major generals and deputy major generals called godly governors were central not only to national security but also viewed as cromwell s serious effort in exerting his religious conviction their position was further harmed by a tax proposal by major general john desborough to provide financial backing for their work which the second protectorate parliament instated in september 1656 voted down for fear of a permanent military state ultimately however cromwell s failure to support his men sacrificing them to his opponents caused their demise their activities between november 1655 and september 1656 had however reopened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened antipathies to the regime 98 in late 1654 cromwell launched the western design armada against the spanish west indies and in may 1655 captured jamaica 99 as lord protector cromwell was aware of the jewish community s involvement in the economics of the netherlands now england s leading commercial rival it was this allied to cromwell s tolerance of the right to private worship of those who fell outside puritanism that led to his encouraging jews to return to england in 1657 over 360 years after their banishment by edward i in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the civil wars 100 there was a longer term motive for cromwell s decision to allow the jews to return to england and that was the hope that they would convert to christianity and therefore hasten the second coming of jesus christ ultimately based on matthew 23 37 39 and romans 11 at the whitehall conference of december 1655 he quoted from st paul s epistle to the romans 10 12 15 on the need to send christian preachers to the jews the presbyterian william prynne in contrast to the congregationalist cromwell was strongly opposed to the latter s pro jewish policy 101 102 103 on 23 march 1657 the protectorate signed the treaty of paris with louis xiv against spain cromwell pledged to supply france with 6 000 troops and war ships in accordance with the terms of the treaty mardyck and dunkirk a base for privateers and commerce raiders attacking english merchant shipping were ceded to england 104 in 1657 cromwell was offered the crown by parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement presenting him with a dilemma since he had been instrumental in abolishing the monarchy cromwell agonised for six weeks over the offer he was attracted by the prospect of stability it held out but in a speech on 13 april 1657 he made clear that god s providence had spoken against the office of king i would not seek to set up that which providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust and i would not build jericho again 105 the reference to jericho harks back to a previous occasion on which cromwell had wrestled with his conscience when the news reached england of the defeat of an expedition against the spanish held island of hispaniola in the west indies in 1655 comparing himself to achan who had brought the israelites defeat after bringing plunder back to camp after the capture of jericho 106 instead cromwell was re installed as lord protector on 26 june 1657 at westminster hall and sitting on king edward s chair he imitated a royal coronation as he wore many royal regalia such as a purple robe a sword of justice and a sceptre 107 cromwell s new rights and powers were laid out in the humble petition and advice a legislative instrument which replaced the instrument of government despite failing to restore the crown this new constitution did set up many of the vestiges of the ancient constitution including a house of life peers in the humble petition it was called the other house as the commons could not agree on a suitable name furthermore oliver cromwell increasingly took on more of the trappings of monarchy in particular he created three peerages after a petition and advised charles howard to be appointed as viscount morpeth and baron gisland in j...
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