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rtal guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties 156 11 february army announcement signed by top generals proclaiming its political neutrality the final collapse of the bakhtiar s government came at 10 am local time on 11 february when the supreme military council declared itself neutral in the current political disputes in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed 177 178 all military personnel were ordered back to their bases effectively yielding control of the entire country to khomeini 131 revolutionaries took over government buildings tv and radio stations and palaces of the pahlavi dynasty marking the end of the monarchy in iran bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets fleeing iran in disguise citation needed this period from 1 to 11 february is celebrated every year in iran as the decade of fajr 179 11 february is islamic revolution s victory day a national holiday with state sponsored demonstrations in every city 180 181 casualties further information casualties of the iranian revolution some sources such as emadeddin baghi a researcher at the martyrs foundation claim 2 781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 1978 79 during the revolution 182 note 8 khomeini reported a much larger number saying 60 000 men women and children were martyred by the shah s regime 183 182 184 military historian spencer c tucker rejected this 60 000 figure as grossly overstated for propaganda purposes 185 tucker explains that the consensus of historians regarding estimated deaths during the iranian revolution from january 1978 to february 1979 numbers between 532 and 2 781 185 according to the historian ervand abrahamian 8 000 opponents were executed between june 1981 and june 1985 by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution 186 according to tucker s estimations in the period of 1980 to 1985 between 25 000 and 40 000 iranians were arrested 15 000 iranians were tried and between 8 000 and 9 500 iranians were executed although un sources note that other estimates are far higher 185 187 in 2025 the iranian government created a parking lot by paving over a section of behesht e zahra cemetery in tehran that had held the remains of an estimated 5 000 to 7 000 victims of the mass executions that followed the 1979 revolution the year before united nations special rapporteur javaid rehman described the regime s pattern of destroying graveyards as an attempt to conceal or erase data that could serve as potential evidence to avoid legal accountability 188 187 songs of iranian revolution see also we are armed with allahu akbar and payandeh bada iran the songs most closely associated with the revolution are epic ballads composed during and in support of the islamic revolution and in opposition to the pahlavi dynasty 189 before the revolution was consolidated these chants were made by various political supporters and were often recorded on cassette tapes in underground and home studios in schools these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of fajr decades 190 iran iran or allah allah chants are famous revolutionary songs 191 women s role main article women in iran the iranian revolution was a gendered revolution much of the new regime s rhetoric was centered on the position of women in society 192 beyond rhetoric thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself 193 and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male counterparts 194 not only participating through voting women also contributed to the revolution through marches demonstrations and chanting slogans 195 women were involved in caring for the wounded including doctors who responded to calls for help and opened their homes for those who needed assistance while women themselves were often killed tortured arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities most contributed in non violent ways 196 many women were instrumental not only in being involved in the revolution themselves but in mobilizing men and other non political women many women protested while carrying children and their presence was one of the main reasons for disarming soldiers who were there on behalf of the regime who were ordered to shoot if necessary 196 ayatollah khomeini s rhetoric on women s participation ayatollah khomeini asserted that you ladies here have proved that you are at the forefront of this movement you have a great share in our islamic movement the future of our country depends on your support 197 he invoked the image of the hijab as a symbol of the revolution saying that a nation whose respected women demonstrate in modest garb hejab to express their disgust with the shah s regime such a nation will be victorious 198 he also said that women from all levels of society took part in the recent demonstrations which we are calling the referendum of the streets women fought side by side with men in the struggle for their independence and their liberty 199 khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti shah demonstrations in various cities furthermore women later responded to khomeini s urgings to vote in favor of the islamic republic and the new constitution 195 women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aide to ban women from coming to group audience khomeini said i threw the shah out with these women there s no problem in their coming 198 after the revolution khomeini credited much of the success of the movement to women even commending the women for mobilizing men you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement you have proved that you lead the men men get their inspiration from you the men of iran have learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of iran you are in the vanguard of the movement 197 it has been argued that khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women s rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti shah sentiments 200 variation within women s participation the presence of segregated women in the tehran ashura demonstration 11 december 1978 the motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious political and economic reasons 201 and women participating were from various classes and backgrounds 202 many western educated upper middle class women from secular urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working class and rural backgrounds 196 there were groups as varied as the fida iyan i khalq and the mujahedin were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the shah s regime 196 there were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the islamic republic s political positions for example organized feminism which was around since the pahlavi dynasty joined the revolutionary movement after the shah dropped the cabinet position on women s affairs to appease the islamists 198 members of the women s organization of iran marched in support for the revolution and it was important that women very much linked to the government also turned against the shah s regime 200 yet there was some tension later between feminists dress and the revolution s stance on women s clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition events 201 some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres the revolution resulted in an unprecedented opening for iranian women into politics mostly through demonstrations and voting 203 and some authors argue that this had a lasting impact on iranian women s political participation and role in the public sphere 195 some women were also part of the inner circle of the leaders of the new regime such as marzieh hadidchi other than the politicization of women there were particular circumstances during the revolution which pushed women into being involved with politics for example the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home 204 women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone regardless of age or sex 204 during 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women s homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes these personal accounts were valuable in a time when the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people 196 women who were activists religious women and women dissatisfied with the regime were able to unite under the anti shah umbrella however women were not united in their opinions of the revolution and its outcome as much as they were not united in their reasons for joining the revolution 205 despite this mobilization and high participation rate of women they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution 200 academic literature on women s participation while there has been some academic literature exploring individual narratives of women on the revolution 195 most of the academic work produced focuses on the effect of the revolution on women rather than the role of iranian women during the revolution scholar guity nashat highlights this neglected aspect of the revolution although women s participation in the events leading to the 11 february revolution was instrumental in its success most studies have not addressed the reasons for their involvement or their contribution 206 janet baur argues the necessity of examining the daily lives of women their living conditions and their relationship to other groups to understand their participation in the socio political events of the revolution she further explains that the cultural ideological social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied to understand how the iranian women s social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests 196 caroline m brooks argues that women were left to express their concerns through the protest rather than in the majlis thus this created a dangerous bargaining position for activist women since rather than arguing their position through intellect they were only able to argue by numbers in the streets and be repelled by force 200 there are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women while some argue that the micro level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of information symbols and context which should be studied 196 aftermath main article aftermath of the iranian revolution from early 1979 to either 1982 or 1983 iran was in a revolutionary crisis mode 207 after the system of despotic monarchy had been overthrown 208 the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed and military and security forces were in disarray yet by 1982 khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions defeated local rebellions and consolidated power at the same time events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the iran hostage crisis the invasion of iran by saddam hussein s iraq and the presidency of abolhassan banisadr 207 209 ayatollah khomeini s consolidation of power conflicts among revolutionaries some observers believe what began as an authentic and anti dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti shah forces was soon transformed into an islamic fundamentalist power grab 210 and that except for his core supporters the members of the coalition thought khomeini intended to be more of a spiritual guide than a ruler 211 khomeini was in his mid 70s never held public office had been out of iran for more than a decade and told questioners the religious dignitaries do not want to rule 212 however nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the imam and the other factions were too small to have any real impact another view is khomeini had overwhelming ideological political and organizational hegemony 213 and non theocratic groups never seriously challenged khomeini s movement in popular support note 9 supporters of the new rule themselves have claimed that iranians who opposed khomeini were fifth columnists led by foreign countries attempting to overthrow the iranian government 215 khomeini and his loyalists in the revolutionary organizations implemented khomeini s velayat e faqih design for an islamic republic led by himself as supreme leader 216 by exploiting temporary allies 217 such as mehdi bazargan s provisional government of iran whom they later eliminated from iran s political stage one by one 218 organizations of the revolution main article organizations of the iranian revolution part of a series on islamism fundamentals islam history culture economics politics variants islamic democracy deobandi movement deobandi jihadism erdoğanism fascism fundamentalism feminism khomeinism liberalism modernism nationalism qutbism salafism salafi jihadism international propagation by region shia islamism socialism third international theory ziaism concepts apostasy in islam takfir caliphate governance state islamic republic spread of islam of knowledge jihad islamic terrorism jihadism pan islamism political islam aspects post islamism sharia shura two nation theory ummah influences anti capitalism anti communism anti imperialism anti zionism decolonization islamic golden age islamic revival movements scholastic barelvi dawat e islami deobandi salafism madkhalism ahl i hadith sahwa movement wahhabism international propagation by country region nurcu political hamas hizb ut tahrir jamaat e islami justice and development party morocco justice and development party turkey malaysian islamic party muslim brotherhood new welfare party prosperous justice party taliban united arab list list of islamic political parties militant militant islamism based in mena region south asia southeast asia sub saharan africa key texts the caliphate or the grand imamate rashīd rīďha 1922 reconstruction of religious thought in islam iqbal 1930s principles of state and government asad 1961 ma alim fi al tariq milestones qutb 1965 islamic government governance of the jurist velayat e faqih khomeini 1970 the green book gaddafi 1975 heads of state akhundzada al bashir erbakan erdoğan gaddafi haniyeh izetbegović khamenei khamenei kartosoewirjo ...
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