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lity the country has however seen periodic outbreaks of violence most notably the 2008 xenophobic riots during which over 60 people were killed 111 and an estimated 100 000 people were driven from their homes 112 and the marikana massacre which constituted the most lethal use of force by south african security forces against civilians since the soweto uprising 113 widespread political corruption and state capture took place under the presidency of jacob zuma 114 115 116 117 118 whose brief imprisonment for contempt of court during the course of his trial for corruption in 2021 led to widespread unrest which left 354 people dead 119 the electoral dominance of the anc has gradually declined since the early 2000s with the party failing to secure a parliamentary majority for the first time in the 2024 general election 120 president cyril ramaphosa subsequently formed the government of national unity with amongst others the democratic alliance 121 geography main article geography of south africa satellite image of south africa south africa is in southern africa with a coastline that stretches more than 2 500 km 1 553 mi and along two oceans the south atlantic and the indian ocean at 1 219 912 km 2 471 011 sq mi in area 122 south africa is the 24th largest country in the world 123 excluding the prince edward islands the country lies between latitudes 22 and 35 s and longitudes 16 and 33 e the interior of south africa consists of a large and in most places almost flat plateau with an altitude of between 1 000 m 3 300 ft and 2 100 m 6 900 ft it is highest in the east and slopes gently downwards towards the west and north and slightly to the south and south west 124 this plateau is surrounded by the great escarpment 125 whose eastern and highest stretch is known as the drakensberg 126 mafadi in the drakensberg is the highest peak in the country at 3 450 m 11 320 ft above sea level the kwazulu natal lesotho international border is formed by the highest portion of the great escarpment which reaches an altitude of over 3 000 m 9 800 ft 127 the south and south western parts of the plateau at approximately 1 100 1 800 m above sea level and the adjoining plain below at approximately 700 800 m above sea level see map on the right are together known as the great karoo which consists of sparsely populated shrubland to the north the great karoo fades into the more arid bushmanland which eventually becomes the kalahari desert in the north west of the country the mid eastern and highest part of the plateau is known as the highveld this relatively well watered area is home to a great proportion of the country s commercial farmlands and contains its largest conurbation gauteng to the north of the highveld from about the 25 30 s line of latitude the plateau slopes downwards into the bushveld which ultimately gives way to the limpopo river lowlands the lowveld 125 the coastal belt below the great escarpment moving clockwise from the northeast consists of the limpopo lowveld which merges into the mpumalanga lowveld below the mpumalanga drakensberg the eastern portion of the great escarpment 128 this is hotter drier and less intensely cultivated than the highveld above the escarpment 125 the kruger national park located in the provinces of limpopo and mpumalanga in north eastern south africa occupies a large portion of the lowveld covering 19 633 square kilometres 7 580 sq mi 129 drakensberg the eastern and highest portion of the great escarpment which surrounds the east south and western borders of the central plateau the coastal belt below the south and south western stretches of the great escarpment contains several ranges of cape fold mountains which run parallel to the coast separating the great escarpment from the ocean 130 131 the land between the outeniqua and langeberg ranges to the south and the swartberg range to the north is known as the little karoo 125 which consists of semi desert shrubland similar to that of the great karoo except that its northern strip along the foothills of the swartberg mountains has a somewhat higher rainfall and is therefore more cultivated than the great karoo the little karoo is famous for its ostrich farming around oudtshoorn the lowland area to the north of the swartberg range up to the great escarpment is the lowland part of the great karoo which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the karoo above the great escarpment the narrow coastal strip between the outeniqua and langeberg ranges and the ocean known as the garden route has a moderately high year round rainfall and hosts the most extensive area of forest in the country in the south west corner of the country the cape peninsula forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the atlantic ocean and ultimately terminates at the country s border with namibia at the orange river the cape peninsula has a mediterranean climate making it and its immediate surrounds the only portion of sub saharan africa which receives most of its rainfall in winter 132 133 the coastal belt to the north of the cape peninsula is bounded on the west by the atlantic ocean and the first row of north south running cape fold mountains to the east the cape fold mountains peter out at about the 32 s line of latitude 131 after which the great escarpment bounds the coastal plain the most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the swartland and malmesbury plain which is an important wheat growing region relying on winter rains the region further north is known as namaqualand 134 which becomes more arid near the orange river the little rain that falls tends to fall in winter 133 which results in one of the world s most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of veld in spring august september south africa also has one offshore possession the small sub antarctic archipelago of the prince edward islands consisting of marion island 290 km 2 or 110 sq mi and prince edward island 45 km 2 or 17 sq mi climate main article climate of south africa köppen climate types of south africa south africa has a generally temperate climate because it is surrounded by the atlantic and indian oceans on three sides because it is located in the climatically milder southern hemisphere and because its average elevation rises steadily toward the north toward the equator and further inland this varied topography and oceanic influence result in a great variety of climatic zones the climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern namib in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the border with mozambique and the indian ocean winters in south africa occur between june and august the extreme southwest has a climate similar to that of the mediterranean with wet winters and hot dry summers hosting the famous fynbos biome of shrubland and thicket this area produces much of the wine in south africa and is known for its wind which blows intermittently almost all year the severity of this wind made passing around the cape of good hope particularly treacherous for sailors causing many shipwrecks further east on the south coast rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year producing a green landscape the annual rainfall increases south of the lowveld especially near the coast which is subtropical the free state is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau north of the vaal river the highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat johannesburg in the centre of the highveld is at 1 740 m 5 709 ft above sea level and receives an annual rainfall of 760 mm 29 9 in winters in this region are cold although snow is rare 135 the coldest place on mainland south africa is buffelsfontein in the eastern cape where a temperature of 20 1 c 4 2 f was recorded in 2013 136 the prince edward islands have colder average annual temperatures but buffelsfontein has colder extremes the deep interior of mainland south africa has the hottest temperatures a temperature of 51 7 c 125 06 f was recorded in 1948 in the northern cape kalahari near upington 137 but this temperature is unofficial and was not recorded with standard equipment the official highest temperature is 48 8 c 119 84 f at vioolsdrif in january 1993 138 climate change in south africa is leading to increased temperatures and rainfall variability extreme weather events are becoming more prominent 139 this is a critical concern for south africans as climate change will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country for example with regards to water resources speedy environmental changes are resulting in clear effects on the community and environmental level in different ways and aspects starting with air quality to temperature and weather patterns reaching out to food security and disease burden 140 according to computer generated climate modelling produced by the south african national biodiversity institute 141 parts of southern africa will see an increase in temperature by about 1 c 1 8 f along the coast to more than 4 c 7 2 f in the already hot hinterland such as the northern cape in late spring and summertime by 2050 the cape floral region is predicted to be hit very hard by climate change drought increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction south africa has published two national climate change reports in 2011 and 2016 142 south africa contributes considerable carbon dioxide emissions being the 14th largest emitter of carbon dioxide 143 primarily from its heavy reliance on coal and oil for energy production 143 as part of its international commitments south africa has pledged to peak emissions between 2020 and 2025 143 biodiversity main article biodiversity of south africa see also wildlife of south africa protected areas of south africa and marine biodiversity of south africa the national animal of south africa is the springbok south africa signed the rio convention on biological diversity on 4 june 1994 and became a party to the convention on 2 november 1995 144 it has subsequently produced a national biodiversity strategy and action plan which was received by the convention on 7 june 2006 145 the country is ranked sixth out of the world s seventeen megadiverse countries 146 ecotourism in south africa has become more prevalent in recent years as a possible method of maintaining and improving biodiversity numerous mammals are found in the bushveld including lions african leopards south african cheetahs southern white rhinos blue wildebeest kudus impalas hyenas hippopotamuses and south african giraffes a significant extent of the bushveld exists in the north east including kruger national park and the sabi sand game reserve as well as in the far north in the waterberg biosphere south africa houses many endemic species among them the critically endangered riverine rabbit bunolagus monticullaris in the karoo up to 1945 more than 4 900 species of fungi including lichen forming species had been recorded 147 in 2006 the number of fungi in south africa was estimated at 200 000 species but did not take into account fungi associated with insects 148 if correct then the number of south african fungi dwarfs that of its plants in at least some major south african ecosystems an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur 149 the country s biodiversity strategy and action plan does not mention fungi including lichen forming fungi 145 with more than 22 000 different vascular plants or about 9 of all the known species of plants on earth 150 south africa is particularly rich in plant diversity the most prevalent biome is the grassland particularly on the highveld where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses low shrubs and acacia mainly camel thorn vachellia erioloba vegetation is sparse towards the north west because of low rainfall there are numerous species of water storing succulents like aloes and euphorbias in the very hot and dry namaqualand area and according to the world wildlife fund south africa is home to around a third of all succulent species 151 the grass and thorn savanna turns slowly into a bush savanna towards the north east of the country with denser growth there are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area near the northern end of kruger national park 152 the fynbos biome which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the cape floristic region is located in a small region of the western cape and contains more than 9 000 of those species or three times more plant species than found in the amazon rainforest 153 making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity most of the plants are evergreen hard leaf plants with fine needle like leaves such as the sclerophyllous plants another uniquely south african flowering plant group is the genus protea with around 130 different species while south africa has a great wealth of flowering plants only 1 of the land is forest almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain of kwazulu natal where there are also areas of southern africa mangroves in river mouths even smaller reserves of forests are out of the reach of fire known as montane forests plantations of imported tree species are predominant particularly the non native eucalyptus and pine south africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades primarily because of overpopulation sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the 19th century the country had a 2019 forest landscape integrity index mean score of 4 94 10 ranking it 112th globally out of 172 countries 154 south africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many e g black wattle port jackson willow hakea lantana and jacaranda posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources also woody plant encroachment of native plants in grasslands poses a threat to biodiversity and related ecosystem services affecting over 7 million hectares 155 the original temperate forest found by the first european settlers was exploited until only small patches remained currently south african hardwood trees like real yellowwood podocarpus latifolius stinkwood ocotea bullata and south african black ironwood olea capensis are under strict government protection statistics from the department of environmental affairs show a record 1 215 rhinos were killed in 2014 156 since south africa is home to a third of all succulent species many endemic to the karoo it makes it a hotspot for plant poaching leading to many species to be threatened with extinction 151 government and politics main articles government of south africa politics of south africa elections in south africa and law of south africa see also human rights in south africa and lgbt...
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