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uthern tibet in myanmar it is spoken in shan state kachin state sagaing division and mandalay division the two states are bordered by yunnan the fraser script was invented in myanmar by sara ba thaw in india it is spoken in the changlang district of arunachal pradesh and possibly in the tinsukia district of assam see lisu people lisu in india for more information lisu people in india are called yobin in northern thailand it is spoken mainly in the provinces of chiang mai chiang rai mae hong son and kamphaeng phet possibly there are also perhaps some lisu speakers in laos and in vietnam the lisu villages in laos and vietnam are rare and isolated from the outside world and are difficult to distinguish among the hmong and yao villages which make up the majority citation needed dialects edit three dialects can be distinguished northern central and southern with northern being the standard 3 bradley 2003 edit bradley 2003 lists the following three lisu dialects 4 northern lo35 nɛ̠44 black lisu autonym lo35 wu55 northern lisu name given by other lisu northwest yunnan kachin state mandalay region sagaing region and india central ɕɑ̠44 ɕɑ̠44 flowery lisu or hua lisu western yunnan burma southern lo35 ʂɨ33 yellow lisu extreme southwestern yunnan shan state of burma thailand laos vietnam mu and sun 2012 edit in their study of lisu dialects mu and sun 2012 split lisu into three dialects 5 nujiang 怒江方言 550 000 speakers in nujiang prefecture all counties baoshan prefecture all counties dehong prefecture some counties lincang prefecture some counties dali prefecture a few counties and weixi county luquan 禄劝方言 65 000 speakers in parts of chuxiong prefecture in luquan county wuding county etc and parts of neighboring prefectures yongsheng 永胜方言 18 000 speakers in the counties of yongsheng huaping panzhihua muli yanyuan and others mu and sun 2012 compare a total of five datapoints in their comparative vocabulary table 5 fugong 福贡 140 000 speakers in fugong gongshan lanping etc luquan 禄劝 autonym li33 pʰɒ31 lipo 45 000 speakers in binchuan wuding yuanmou dayao yao an yongren dechang huili huidong yanyuan etc weixi 维西 100 000 speakers in weixi deqin zhongdian lijiang etc tengchong 腾冲 120 000 speakers in longling dehong prefecture gengma simao lushui shan state burma chiang mai thailand yongsheng 永胜 90 000 speakers in yongsheng huaping ninglang dayao yongren dechang etc orthography edit pollard alphabet edit main article pollard script sam pollard s a hmao was adapted to write lipo another lisoish language sometimes called eastern lisu spoken by the lisu people fraser alphabet edit main article fraser script the lisu alphabet currently in use throughout lisu speaking regions in china burma and thailand was primarily developed by two protestant missionaries from different missionary organizations the more famous of the two is james o fraser a british evangelist from the china inland mission his colleague who developed the original version of the alphabet later revised and improved with fraser and various colleagues from the c i m was sara ba thaw a polyglot karen preacher based in myitkyina burma who belonged to the american baptist mission ba thaw had prepared a simple lisu catechism by 1915 the script now widely known as the fraser alphabet was finished by 1939 when fraser s mission houses in the lisu ethnic areas of yunnan province china received their newly printed copies of the lisu new testament lisu syllabary edit lisu syllabary from 1924 to 1930 a lisu farmer named ngua ze bo pronounced ŋua ze bo chinese 汪忍波 哇忍波 invented the lisu syllabary from chinese characters dongba script and geba script however it looks more different from the chinese script than chữ nôm and sawndip zhuang logograms since ngua ze bo initially carved his characters on bamboos the syllabary is known as the lisu bamboo script 傈僳竹书 it has a total of 1250 glyphs and 989 characters 6 7 latin lisu alphabet edit a new lisu alphabet based on pinyin was created in 1957 but most lisu continued to use the old alphabet the fraser alphabet was officially recognized by the chinese government in 1992 since which time its use has been encouraged burmese lisu script edit in a few places in myanmar in which lisu is spoken an orthography based on the burmese alphabet has been developed and is taught to speakers and used in several publications and school books thai script edit in the 1970s missionary edward hope of omf international created a variant of the thai script for the lisu of thailand in doing so he was guided by the policy of the thai authorities who believed that the writing systems of the country s national minorities should be based on the thai script however this alphabet did not gain any popularity thai alphabet for lisu 8 consonants ก ข ค ฆ ง จ ฉ ช ซ ฌ ญ ฎ ด ดส ดซ ต ตส ตซ ถ ท ทส ทซ น บ ป ผ ฝ พ ฟ ม ย ฦ ล ว ส ห อ ฮ k kʰ kʰ x ŋ tɕ tʂ tɕʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ tʂʰ s ɕ ʂ dʑ dʐ z ʐ g d dz dz t ts ts tʰ tʰ tsʰ tsʰ n ɲ b p pʰ f pʰ f m y ʑ ɣ l v w s ɕ ʂ h ʔ h vowels ะ า ิ ี ึ ื ุ ู เ ะ เ แ ะ แ เ าะ อ เ อะ เ อ ɑ ɑ i i ɯ ɤ ɯ ɤ u y u y e e ɛ ɛ o o e ø tones are marked with ่ ๋ ๊ phonology edit the lisu phonological inventory is as follows 4 vowels edit lisu vowels front back unrounded rounded unrounded rounded close i ɨ y ʉ ɯ u mid e ø ɤ o open ɛ ɑ i and the fricative vowel ɨ are in complementary distribution ɨ is only found after palato alveolars though an alternate analysis is possible with the palato alveolars viewed as allophones of the palatals before u and ɨ 9 the distinction originates from proto lolo burmese consonant clusters of the type kr or kj which elsewhere merge but where lisu normally develops i they remain distinct with the latter producing the type tʃɨ the former the type tɕi inherited palatal affricates i also become tʃɨ in central lisu i is heard as a syllabic z̩ when after alveolar sibilant sounds and as ʐ̩ when after retroflex sibilant sounds ɑ is heard as more fronted a when following alveolo palatal sounds 10 y is variable across dialects it may be either endolabial or exolabial central ʉ or even merged with u the distinction between ɯ and ɤ is marginal and both are written e in pinyin tones edit lisu has six tones high mid creaky ˀ mid low rising and low checked ʔ that is tá ta̰ ta tà tǎ tàʔ in some dialects the creaky tone is higher than mid tone in others they are equal the rising tone is infrequent but common in baby talk which has a stereotypical disyllabic low rising pattern both high and rising tone are uncommon after voiced consonants consonants edit lisu consonants labial alveolar retroflex alveolo palatal velar glottal plain sibilant nasal m n ɲ ŋ h h̃ plosive affricate tenuis p t ts tʂ tɕ k ʔ aspirated pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tɕʰ kʰ voiced b d dz dʐ dʑ ɡ fricative voiceless f s ʂ ɕ x voiced v w z ʐ j ɣ continuant l v and w are in complementary distribution with v before front vowels f is marginal occurring in a few words before u or y the subdialect fraser first encountered also distinguishes a retroflex series tʂ tʂʰ dʐ ʂ ʐ but only before ɑ medial glides appear before ɑ these are w with velars and j with bilabials and h̃ the latter consonant see rhinoglottophilia has a non nasal allophone in the imperative particle hɑ́ ɣ is only distinctive before ɑ and in some dialects is merged with j in central lisu j can be heard as an alveolo palatal ʑ when before i 10 in southern lisu the velar plosives become alveopalatal before front vowels the vowels u and e trigger an offglide on preceding consonants so tu du te de are pronounced tfu dvu tje dje the vowels ɯ ɤ do not occur initially or at least in initial position they are pronounced ɣɯ ɣɤ it has been argued that the initial vowels i e y u ɯ ɤ are phonetically ji je fy fu ɣɯ ɣɤ so initial consonants do not need to be posited in such cases and marginal f can be removed from the inventory of native words or that they are phonemically ʔv with glottal stop 4 references edit lisu at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required omniglot handel p 2 1 2 3 bradley 2003 1 2 mu sun 2012 sun bojun han gang 2020 06 01 lisu syllabary a folk creation in the yunnan tibetan borderland journal of chinese writing systems 4 2 87 104 doi 10 1177 2513850219888033 issn 2513 8502 gang han wongratanamajcha suriya 16 march 2019 proposal to encode the lisu monosyllabic scripts in ucs pdf unicode 1 e r hope lisu canberra 1976 pacific linguistics phonems and orthography language planning in ten minority languages of thailand handel p 1 1 2 tabain bradley yu 2019 works cited edit bradley david 2003 lisu in thurgood graham lapolla randy j eds the sino tibetan languages london routledge isbn 0 7007 1129 5 handel zev proto lolo burmese velar clusters and the origin of lisu palatal sibilant pdf archived from the original pdf on 2020 08 03 via faculty washington edu mu yuzhang 木玉璋 sun hongkai 孙宏开 2012 lìsùyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 傈僳语方言研究 a study of lisu dialects in chinese beijing minzu chubanshe isbn 978 7 105 12004 8 tabain marija bradley david yu defen 2019 central lisu journal of the international phonetic association 49 1 pp 129 147 cite book cs1 maint location link cs1 maint location missing publisher link further reading edit miyake marc 2011 unicode 5 2 not 6 1 the old lisu script tabain marija and bradley david and yu defen 2019 central lisu illustrations of the ipa journal of the international phonetic association 49 1 129 147 doi 10 1017 s0025100318000129 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link with supplementary sound recordings external links edit lisu language test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator handbook of the lisu language 1922 southern lisu dictionary a dictionary of the northern dialect of lisu china and southeast asia v t e languages of myanmar official languages burmese semiofficial language english indigenous languages by state or region chin kuki chin northwestern anāl lamkang moyon northeastern ngawn paite simte siyin tedim thadou vaiphei zo central bawm falam hakha mizo ngawn thor maraic lautu mara senthang zotung zyphe khomic khumi mro southern daai kaang khumi kʼchò laitu läoktü matu nga la shö songlai sumtu thaiphum uppu other anu hkongso kachin sino tibetan achang drung hpon jingpo lashi lhao vo lisu nusu rawang zaiwa other khamti nùng palaung tai laing kayah kayaw karenni kayin bwe karen geba karen pwo eastern western s gaw karen magway rungtu taungtha mon mon rakhine rakhine chakma laitu mro khimi mru rohingya sak sagaing sal khiamniungan konyak leinong makyam ponyo sak tangsa other akyaung ari anal koki makury long phuri para tangkhul shan austroasiatic blang danau palaung riang tai loi wa sino tibetan akeu akha danu geko karen intha lahta lahu pa o padaung pyen taungyo southwestern mandarin kra dai khün tai lue shan tai nuea hmong mien hmong njua tanintharyi malay moken s gaw tavoyan non indigenous immigrant language burmese hindi punjabi russian vietnamese working language english japanese korean sign languages burmese sign language v t e languages of china official standard chinese varieties of chinese danzhou mandarin northeastern beijing ji lu jiao liao zhongyuan lan yin jin southwestern sichuanese southeastern gan hakka hui mai min southern hokkien teoswa hainanese eastern puxian central northern shaojiang pinghua shaozhou tuhua shanke wu chu qu jiangshan qingtian quzhou oujiang taihu jinxiang northwestern changzhou hangzhou northern zhejiang ningbo shaoxing su jia hu shanghainese suzhou wuxi taizhou taizhou proper wuzhou jinhua xuanzhou xiang new old yue cantonese regional ars sars cantonese hk mc english hk mongolian nm portuguese mc tibetan xz uyghur xj zhuang gx prefecture hmong kam bouyei tujia korean qiang yi kyrgyz kazakh tai nüa tai lü zaiwa lisu bai hani zhuang counties banners numerous indigenous sino tibetan languages lolo burmese mondzish kathu maang manga mango maza mondzi muangphe burmish achang chashan lashi lhao vo pela xiandao zaiwa loloish hanoish akeu akha amu angluo asuo baihong bisu budu bukong cosao duoni duota enu habei hani honi jino kabie kaduo lami laomian laopin mpi muda nuobi nuomei phana piyo qidi sadu sangkong suobi tsukong woni yiche lisoish eka hlersu kua nsi kuamasi laizisi lalo lamu lavu lawu limi lipo lisu lolopo mangdi micha mili sonaga toloza xuzhang yangliu zibusi nisoish alingpo alugu aluo axi azha azhe bokha gepo khlula lope moji muji muzi nasu nisu nuosu phala phola phowa phukha phuma phupa phupha phuza samei sani thopho zokhuo other gokhy katso kucong lahu naruo namuyi naxi nusu samu sanie zauzou qiangic baima choyo ersu guiqiong horpa japhug khroskyabs laze lizu na muya namuyi naxi pumi northern qiang southern qiang shixing situ tshobdun zbu zhaba tibetic amdo baima basum central tibetan choni dao dongwang drugchu groma gserpa khalong khams kyirong ladakhi tseku zhongu zitsadegu other bai caijia derung jingpo longjia nung tujia waxianghua other languages austroasiatic auva avala bit blang bolyu bugan bumang hu kuan mang man met muak sa aak palaung riang u va northern southern wa hmong mien hmongic a hmao bu nao gejia guiyang hm nai hmong hmu huishui kiong nai luobohe mashan pa hng pa na pingtang qo xiong raojia sanqiao sheyu small flowery xixiu younuo mienic biao min dzao min iu mien kim mun mongolic bonan buryat daur eastern yugur kangjia khamnigan monguor oirat ordos santa torgut kra dai zhuang bouyei dai min ningming nong tai dam tai dón tai hongjin tai lü tai nüa tai ya yang yei other ai cham biao buyang cao miao chadong cun gelao hlai jiamao kam lakkja mak maonan mulam naxi yao ong be paha qabiao sui then tungusic evenki manchu nanai oroqen xibe turkic äynu fuyu kyrgyz ili turki salar western yugur other sarikoli indo european tsat austronesian formosan languages austronesian minority kazakh korean kyrgyz russian esperanto tatar tuvan uzbek vietnamese kinh wakhi creole mixed e hezhou lingling macanese maojia qoqmončaq tangwang wutun extinct ba shu jie khitan old yue rouran saka tangut tocharian tuoba tuyuhun xianbei zhangzhung sign chinese sign hong kong sign tibetan sign gx guangxi hk hong kong mc macau nm inner mongolia xj xinjiang xz tibet v t e languages of thailand official language thai other thais lao phutai isan phu thai chiang saen lanna tai lue phuan thai song sukhothai southern thai northwestern khün shan tai nuea minority languages austroasiatic bru chong chung jahai kensiu khmer northern western kintaq kuy mlabri mon nyah kur palaung ten edn thavung vietnamese austronesian cham malayic bangkok malay patani malays kedah malay moken moklen urak lawoiʼ hmong mien hmong iu mien sino tibetan akha eastern pwo lisu chinese cantonese teochew hainanese hakka hokkien hokchew nuosu mpi northern pwo phrae pwo karenni s gaw karen gong others immigrant language burmese hindi punjabi russian mandarin working language english japanese korean sign languages thai sign language ban khor sign v t e sino tibetan languages sinitic chinese mandarin yue hakka min wu hui gan xiang jin pinghua bai cai long caijia longjia luren tibeto burman bodish tibetan centra...
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