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eplied that it would honour its guarantee to poland 66 on 29 august hitler demanded that a polish plenipotentiary travel to berlin by the following day to negotiate a solution to the crisis but britain rejected the timeline as unreasonable on the night of 30 31 august the british ambassador nevile henderson met german foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop ribbentrop handed him hitler s demands regarding poland then announced that the deadline for poland s acceptance had already passed 67 course of the war for a chronological guide see list of timelines of world war ii see also diplomatic history of world war ii and world war ii by country war breaks out in europe 1939 1940 main article european theatre of world war ii a german propaganda photograph reenacting the removal of the polish border crossing in sopot 68 on 1 september 1939 germany invaded poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion 69 the first german attack of the war came against the polish defences at westerplatte 70 the united kingdom responded with an ultimatum for germany to cease military operations and on 3 september after the ultimatum was ignored britain and france declared war on germany c during the phoney war period the alliance provided no direct military support to poland outside of a cautious french probe into the saarland 71 the western allies also began a naval blockade of germany which aimed to damage the country s economy and war effort 72 germany responded by ordering u boat warfare against allied merchant and warships which would later escalate into the battle of the atlantic 73 on 8 september german troops reached the suburbs of warsaw the polish counter offensive to the west halted the german advance for several days but it was outflanked and encircled by the wehrmacht remnants of the polish army broke through to besieged warsaw on 17 september 1939 two days after signing a cease fire with japan the soviet union invaded poland 74 under the supposed pretext that the polish state had ceased to exist 75 on 27 september the warsaw garrison surrendered to the germans and the last large operational unit of the polish army surrendered on 6 october despite the military defeat poland never surrendered instead it formed the polish government in exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied poland 76 a significant part of polish military personnel evacuated to romania and latvia many of them later fought against the axis in other theatres of the war 77 germany annexed western poland and occupied central poland the soviet union annexed eastern poland small shares of polish territory were transferred to lithuania and slovakia on 6 october hitler made a public peace overture to the united kingdom and france but said that the future of poland was to be determined exclusively by germany and the soviet union the proposal was rejected 78 and hitler ordered an immediate offensive against france 79 which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather 80 81 82 mannerheim line and karelian isthmus on the last day of the winter war 13 march 1940 after the outbreak of war in poland stalin threatened estonia latvia and lithuania with military invasion forcing the three baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of soviet military bases in these countries in october 1939 significant soviet military contingents were moved there 83 84 85 finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the soviet union the soviet union invaded finland in november 1939 86 and was subsequently expelled from the league of nations for this crime of aggression 87 despite overwhelming numerical superiority soviet military success during the winter war was modest and the finno soviet war ended in march 1940 with some finnish concessions of territory 88 in june 1940 the soviet union occupied the entire territories of estonia latvia and lithuania 84 as well as the romanian regions of bessarabia northern bukovina and the hertsa region in august 1940 hitler imposed the second vienna award on romania which led to the transfer of northern transylvania to hungary 89 in september 1940 bulgaria demanded southern dobruja from romania with german and italian support leading to the treaty of craiova 90 the loss of one third of romania s 1939 territory caused a coup against king carol ii turning romania into a fascist dictatorship under marshal ion antonescu with a course set towards the axis in the hopes of a german guarantee 91 meanwhile german soviet political relations and economic co operation 92 93 gradually stalled 94 95 and both states began preparations for war 96 western europe 1940 1941 main article western front world war ii german advance into belgium and northern france 10 may 4 june 1940 sweeping past the maginot line shown in dark red in april 1940 germany invaded denmark and norway to protect shipments of iron ore from sweden which the allies were attempting to cut off 97 denmark capitulated after six hours and despite allied support norway was conquered within two months 98 british discontent over the norwegian campaign led to the resignation of prime minister neville chamberlain who was replaced by winston churchill on 10 may 1940 99 on the same day germany launched an offensive against france to circumvent the strong maginot line fortifications on the franco german border germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of belgium the netherlands and luxembourg 100 the germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the ardennes region 101 which was mistakenly perceived by the allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles 102 103 by successfully implementing new blitzkrieg tactics the wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the channel and cut off the allied forces in belgium trapping the bulk of the allied armies in a cauldron on the franco belgian border near lille the united kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of allied troops from the continent by early june although they had to abandon almost all their equipment 104 on 10 june italy invaded france declaring war on both france and the united kingdom 105 the germans turned south against the weakened french army and paris fell to them on 14 june eight days later france signed an armistice with germany it was divided into german and italian occupation zones 106 and an unoccupied rump state under the vichy regime which though officially neutral was generally aligned with germany france kept its fleet which the united kingdom attacked on 3 july in an attempt to prevent its seizure by germany 107 london s st paul s cathedral after the german blitz on 29 december 1940 the air battle of britain 108 began in early july with luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours 109 the german campaign for air superiority started in august but its failure to defeat raf fighter command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed german invasion of britain the german strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on london and other cities in the blitz but largely ended in may 1941 110 after failing to significantly disrupt the british war effort 109 using newly captured french ports the german navy enjoyed success against an over extended royal navy using u boats against british shipping in the atlantic 111 the british home fleet scored a significant victory on 27 may 1941 by sinking the german battleship bismarck 112 in november 1939 the united states was assisting china and the western allies and had amended the neutrality act to allow cash and carry purchases by the allies 113 in 1940 following the german capture of paris the size of the united states navy was significantly increased in september the united states further agreed to a trade of american destroyers for british bases 114 still a large majority of the american public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941 115 in december 1940 president franklin d roosevelt accused hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless calling for the united states to become an arsenal of democracy and promoting lend lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the british war effort lend lease was later extended to the other allies including the soviet union after it was invaded by germany 116 the united states started strategic planning to prepare for a full scale offensive against germany 117 at the end of september 1940 the tripartite pact formally united japan italy and germany as the axis powers the tripartite pact stipulated that any country with the exception of the soviet union that attacked any axis power would be forced to go to war against all three 118 the axis expanded in november 1940 when hungary slovakia and romania joined 119 romania and hungary later made major contributions to the axis war against the soviet union in romania s case partially to recapture territory ceded to the soviet union 120 mediterranean 1940 1941 main article mediterranean and middle east theatre of world war ii in early june 1940 the italian regia aeronautica attacked and besieged malta a british possession from late summer to early autumn italy conquered british somaliland and made an incursion into british held egypt in october italy attacked greece but the attack was repulsed with heavy italian casualties the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes 121 to assist italy and prevent britain from gaining a foothold germany prepared to invade the balkans which would threaten romanian oil fields and strike against british dominance of the mediterranean 122 german panzer iii of the afrika korps advancing across the north african desert april 1941 in december 1940 british empire forces began counter offensives against italian forces in egypt and italian east africa 123 the offensives were successful by early february 1941 italy had lost control of eastern libya and large numbers of italian troops had been taken prisoner the italian navy also suffered significant defeats with the royal navy putting three italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at taranto and neutralising several more warships at the battle of cape matapan 124 italian defeats prompted germany to deploy an expeditionary force to north africa at the end of march 1941 erwin rommel s afrika korps launched an offensive which drove back commonwealth forces 125 in less than a month axis forces advanced to western egypt and besieged the port of tobruk 126 in november commonwealth forces launched a counter offensive in north africa and reclaimed all the gains the germans and italians had made 127 by late march 1941 bulgaria and yugoslavia signed the tripartite pact however the yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro british nationalists germany and italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both yugoslavia and greece commencing on 6 april 1941 with a massive bombing of belgrade both nations were forced to surrender within the month 128 the airborne invasion of the greek island of crete at the end of may completed the german conquest of the balkans 129 armed resistance soon emerged in yugoslavia and greece and continued until the end of the war 130 131 in the middle east in may commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in iraq which had been supported by german aircraft from bases within vichy controlled syria 132 between june and july british led forces invaded the french possessions of syria and lebanon assisted by the free french 133 axis attack on the soviet union 1941 main article eastern front world war ii european theatre of world war ii animation map 1939 1945 red western allies and the soviet union after 1941 green soviet union before 1941 blue axis powers with the situation in europe and asia relatively stable germany japan and the soviet union made preparations for war with the soviets wary of mounting tensions with germany and the japanese planning to take advantage of the european war by seizing resource rich european possessions in southeast asia the two powers signed the soviet japanese neutrality pact in april 1941 134 by contrast the germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the soviet union massing forces on the soviet border 135 hitler believed that the united kingdom s refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the united states and the soviet union would enter the war against germany 136 on 31 july 1940 hitler decided that the soviet union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of ukraine the baltic states and byelorussia 137 however other senior german officials like ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a euro asian bloc against the british empire by inviting the soviet union into the tripartite pact 138 in november 1940 negotiations took place to determine if the soviet union would join the pact the soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from finland bulgaria turkey and japan that germany considered unacceptable on 18 december 1940 hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the soviet union 139 on 22 june 1941 germany supported by italy and romania invaded the soviet union in operation barbarossa with germany accusing the soviets of plotting against them they were joined shortly by finland and hungary 140 the primary targets of this surprise offensive 141 were the baltic region moscow and ukraine with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the arkhangelsk astrakhan line from the caspian to the white seas hitler s objectives were to eliminate the soviet union as a military power exterminate communism generate lebensraum living space 142 by dispossessing the native population 143 and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat germany s remaining rivals 144 members of the einsatzgruppen prepares to shoot a jewish mother holding her child ivangorod ukraine although the red army was preparing for strategic counter offensives before the war 145 operation barbarossa forced the soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence during the summer the axis made significant gains into soviet territory inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel mainly in massive encirclements around minsk smolensk and uman nazi policy entailed that wehrmacht subject soviet pows to murderous treatment executing all jewish and communist pows immediately per the commissar order and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open air concentration camps where they were to be deliberately starved to death by the end of the winter of 1941 2 8 million soviet pows had died in german captivity some 3 3 million soviet pows would die in german captivity by the war s end in total a nearly 60 mortality rate 146 by mid august however the german army high command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted army group centre and to di...
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