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of tanf families were white 31 9 were african american and 30 0 were hispanic 128 according to the u s census bureau data released 13 september 2011 the nation s poverty rate rose to 15 1 46 2 million in 2010 130 up from 14 3 approximately 43 6 million in 2009 and to its highest level since 1993 in 2008 13 2 39 8 million americans lived in relative poverty 131 in a 2011 op ed in forbes peter ferrara stated that the best estimate of the cost of the 185 federal means tested welfare programs for 2010 for the federal government alone is nearly 700 billion up a third since 2008 according to the heritage foundation counting state spending total welfare spending for 2010 reached nearly 900 billion up nearly one fourth since 2008 24 3 132 california with 12 of the u s population has one third of the nation s welfare recipients 133 the united states has also typically relied on charitable giving through non profit agencies and fundraising instead of direct monetary assistance from the government itself according to giving usa americans gave 358 38 billion to charity in 2014 this is rewarded by the united states government through tax credits for individuals and companies that are not typically seen in other countries since these per capita charity sums are much higher than in all other countries this means that private people and companies have a strong say in how social assistance is carried out this means that public funds in the form of unpaid taxes are distributed according to less professional less objective and less unbiased criteria than in all other countries effects edit main articles welfare s effect on poverty and criticisms of welfare see also welfare state effects the welfare to work intervention programme is unlikely to have any impacts on the mental and physical health of lone parents and children even when the employment and income rates were higher in this group of people the poverty rate was high which could lead to persistently high rates of depression whether they were in the programme or not 134 income transfers can be either conditional or unconditional conditionalities are sometimes criticized as being paternalistic and unnecessary and research in different contexts shows enforcing conditionalities can result in additional burdens for recipients and social service providers 135 a 2008 study by welfare economist and brown university professor allan m feldman 136 suggests that welfare can achieve both competitive equilibrium and pareto efficiency in the market 137 although different points of pareto efficiency are more fair to some than others 138 some opponents of welfare argue that it affects work incentives see also edit basic income contingencies fund corporate welfare democratic socialism economic social and cultural rights financing and benefit structure human poverty index human security list of countries by social progress index list of countries by social welfare spending parental leave poverty reduction social democracy social liberalism social policy social safety net four pillars geneva association welfare economics welfare fraud welfare rights welfare trap workfare welfarism notes edit except in the united states and canada where welfare refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people 3 4 in the united states it often refers to the temporary assistance for needy families program while social security is a specific social insurance program 5 6 everyone as a member of society has the right to social security and is entitled to realization through national effort and international co operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state of the economic social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family including food clothing housing and medical care and necessary social services and 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