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the late 1990s in objection to the uk s science funding policy 429 430 in 2002 following a uk wide vote the bbc included hawking in their list of the 100 greatest britons 431 he was awarded the copley medal from the royal society 2006 432 the presidential medal of freedom which is america s highest civilian honour 2009 433 and the russian special fundamental physics prize 2013 434 several buildings have been named after him including the stephen w hawking science museum in san salvador el salvador 435 the stephen hawking building in cambridge 436 and the stephen hawking centre at the perimeter institute in canada 437 given hawking s association with time he unveiled the mechanical chronophage or time eating corpus clock at corpus christi college cambridge in september 2008 438 439 in july 2017 hawking was awarded an honorary doctorate from imperial college london 440 hawking received the 2015 bbva foundation frontiers of knowledge award in basic sciences shared with viatcheslav mukhanov for discovering that the galaxies were formed from quantum fluctuations in the early universe at the 2016 pride of britain awards hawking received the lifetime achievement award for his contribution to science and british culture 441 after receiving the award from theresa may hawking humorously requested that she not seek his help with brexit 441 the hawking fellowship main article hawking fellowship in 2017 the cambridge union society in conjunction with hawking established the professor stephen hawking fellowship the fellowship is awarded annually to an individual who has made an exceptional contribution to the stem fields and social discourse 442 with a particular focus on impacts affecting the younger generations each fellow delivers a lecture on a topic of their choosing known as the hawking lecture 443 hawking himself accepted the inaugural fellowship and he delivered the first hawking lecture in his last public appearance before his death 444 445 medal for science communication main article stephen hawking medal for science communication hawking was a member of the advisory board of the starmus festival and had a major role in acknowledging and promoting science communication the stephen hawking medal for science communication is an annual award initiated in 2016 to honour members of the arts community for contributions that help build awareness of science 446 recipients receive a medal bearing a portrait of hawking by alexei leonov and the other side represents an image of leonov himself performing the first spacewalk along with an image of the red special the guitar of brian may with music being another major component of the starmus festival 447 the starmus iii festival in 2016 was a tribute to stephen hawking and the book of all starmus iii lectures beyond the horizon was also dedicated to him the first recipients of the medals which were awarded at the festival were chosen by hawking himself composer hans zimmer physicist jim al khalili and the science documentary film particle fever 2013 448 publications popular books a brief history of time 1988 203 black holes and baby universes and other essays 1993 449 the universe in a nutshell 2001 203 on the shoulders of giants 2002 203 god created the integers the mathematical breakthroughs that changed history 2005 203 the dreams that stuff is made of the most astounding papers of quantum physics and how they shook the scientific world 2011 450 my brief history 2013 203 hawking s memoir brief answers to the big questions 2018 219 451 co authored the nature of space and time with roger penrose 1996 the large the small and the human mind with roger penrose abner shimony and nancy cartwright 1997 the future of spacetime with kip thorne igor novikov timothy ferris and introduction by alan lightman richard h price 2002 a briefer history of time with leonard mlodinow 2005 203 the grand design with leonard mlodinow 2010 203 forewords black holes time warps einstein s outrageous legacy kip thorne and introduction by frederick seitz 1994 the physics of star trek lawrence krauss 1995 children s fiction co written with his daughter lucy george s secret key to the universe 2007 203 george s cosmic treasure hunt 2009 203 george and the big bang 2011 203 george and the unbreakable code 2014 george and the blue moon 2016 films and series a brief history of time 1992 452 stephen hawking s universe 1997 453 278 hawking bbc television film 2004 starring benedict cumberbatch horizon the hawking paradox 2005 454 masters of science fiction 2007 455 stephen hawking and the theory of everything 2007 stephen hawking master of the universe 2008 456 into the universe with stephen hawking 2010 457 brave new world with stephen hawking 2011 458 stephen hawking s grand design 2012 459 the big bang theory 2012 2014 2015 2017 stephen hawking a brief history of mine 2013 460 the theory of everything feature film 2014 starring eddie redmayne 461 genius by stephen hawking 2016 selected academic works s w hawking r penrose 1970 the singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology proceedings of the royal society a 314 1519 529 548 bibcode 1970rspsa 314 529h doi 10 1098 rspa 1970 0021 s2cid 120208756 zbl 0954 83012 wikidata q55872061 s w hawking 1971 gravitational radiation from colliding black holes physical review letters 26 21 1344 1346 bibcode 1971phrvl 26 1344h doi 10 1103 physrevlett 26 1344 wikidata q21706376 stephen hawking 1972 black holes in general relativity communications in mathematical physics 25 2 152 166 bibcode 1972cmaph 25 152h doi 10 1007 bf01877517 s2cid 121527613 wikidata q56453197 stephen hawking 1974 black hole explosions nature 248 5443 30 31 bibcode 1974natur 248 30h doi 10 1038 248030a0 s2cid 4290107 zbl 1370 83053 wikidata q54017915 stephen hawking 1982 the development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe physics letters b 115 4 295 297 bibcode 1982phlb 115 295h doi 10 1016 0370 2693 82 90373 2 wikidata q29398982 j b hartle s w hawking 1983 wave function of the universe physical review d 28 12 2960 2975 bibcode 1983phrvd 28 2960h doi 10 1103 physrevd 28 2960 zbl 1370 83118 wikidata q21707690 stephen hawking c j hunter 1996 the gravitational hamiltonian in the presence of non orthogonal boundaries classical and quantum gravity 13 10 2735 2752 arxiv gr qc 9603050 bibcode 1996cqgra 13 2735h doi 10 1088 0264 9381 13 10 012 s2cid 10715740 zbl 0859 58038 wikidata q56551504 s w hawking 2005 information loss in black holes physical review d 72 8 arxiv hep th 0507171 bibcode 2005phrvd 72h4013h doi 10 1103 physrevd 72 084013 s2cid 118893360 wikidata q21651473 stephen hawking thomas hertog 2018 a smooth exit from eternal inflation journal of high energy physics 2018 4 arxiv 1707 07702 bibcode 2018jhep 04 147h doi 10 1007 jhep04 2018 147 s2cid 13745992 zbl 1390 83455 wikidata q55878494 see also list of people who have declined a british honour list of things named after stephen hawking list of contributors to general relativity on the origin of time a book by thomas hertog about hawking s theories timeline of gravitational physics and relativity notes attributed to multiple references 362 363 364 365 attributed to multiple references 1 372 377 378 by considering the effect of a black hole s event horizon on virtual particle production hawking found in 1974 much to his surprise that black holes emit black body radiation associated with a temperature that can be expressed in the nonspinning case as t ℏ c 3 8 π g m k displaystyle t frac hbar c 3 8 pi gmk where t displaystyle t is black hole temperature ℏ displaystyle hbar is the reduced planck constant c displaystyle c is the speed of light g displaystyle g is the newtonian constant of gravitation m displaystyle m is the mass of the black hole and k displaystyle k is the boltzmann constant this relationship between concepts from the disparate fields of general relativity quantum mechanics and thermodynamics implies the existence of deep connections between them and may presage their unification it is inscribed on hawking s memorial stone 381 the equation s most fundamental implication can be obtained as follows according to thermodynamics this temperature is associated with an entropy s displaystyle s such that t m c 2 2 s displaystyle t mc 2 2s where m c 2 displaystyle mc 2 is the energy of a nonspinning black hole as expressed with einstein s formula 382 combining equations then gives s 4 π g m 2 k ℏ c displaystyle s frac 4 pi gm 2 k hbar c now the radius of a nonspinning black hole is given by r 2 g m c 2 displaystyle r frac 2gm c 2 and since its surface area is just a 4 π r 2 displaystyle a 4 pi r 2 s displaystyle s can be expressed in terms of surface area as 383 384 s bh k c 3 4 ℏ g a displaystyle s_ text bh frac kc 3 4 hbar g a where the subscript bh stands for either black hole or bekenstein hawking this can be expressed more simply as a proportionality between two dimensionless ratios s bh k 1 4 a l p 2 displaystyle frac s_ text bh k frac 1 4 frac a l_ text p 2 where l p ℏ g c 3 displaystyle l_ text p sqrt hbar g c 3 is the planck length jacob bekenstein had conjectured the proportionality hawking confirmed it and established the constant of proportionality at 1 4 displaystyle 1 4 26 112 calculations based on string theory first carried out in 1995 have been found to yield the same result 385 this relationship is conjectured to be valid not just for black holes but also since entropy is proportional to information as an upper bound on the amount of information that can be contained in any volume of space which has in turn spawned deeper reflections on the possible nature of reality references citations 1 2 shirbon estelle 20 march 2018 stephen hawking to join newton darwin in final resting place london reuters archived from the original on 21 march 2018 retrieved 21 march 2018 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 stephen hawking at the mathematics genealogy project 1 2 ferguson 2011 p 29 allen bruce 1983 vacuum energy and general relativity phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 bousso raphael 1997 pair creation of black holes in cosmology phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 carr bernard john 1976 primordial black holes phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 bernard carr george f r ellis gary gibbons james hartle thomas hertog roger penrose malcolm perry kip s thorne 2019 stephen william hawking ch cbe 8 january 1942 14 march 2018 biographical memoirs of fellows of the royal society 66 267 308 arxiv 2002 03185 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2019 0001 s2cid 131986323 wikidata q63347107 dowker helen fay 1991 space time wormholes phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 galfard christophe georges gunnar sven 2006 black hole information branes phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 gibbons gary william 1973 some aspects of gravitational radiation and gravitational collapse phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 hertog thomas 2002 the origin of inflation phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 laflamme raymond 1988 time and quantum cosmology phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 5 february 2014 page don nelson 1976 accretion into and emission from black holes phd thesis california institute of technology archived from the original on 21 february 2014 retrieved 6 february 2014 perry malcolm john 1978 black holes and quantum mechanics phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 6 february 2014 taylor robinson marika maxine 1998 problems in m theory lib cam ac uk phd thesis university of cambridge oclc 894603647 ethos uk bl ethos 625075 archived from the original on 1 may 2018 retrieved 1 may 2018 wu zhongchao 1984 cosmological models and the inflationary universe phd thesis university of cambridge archived from the original on 25 january 2016 retrieved 7 february 2014 centre for theoretical cosmology outreach stephen hawking university of cambridge archived from the original on 30 august 2015 retrieved 23 june 2013 about stephen stephen hawking official website archived from the original on 30 august 2015 retrieved 23 june 2013 michael green to become lucasian professor of mathematics the daily telegraph archived from the original on 25 may 2019 retrieved 11 december 2012 mind over matter how stephen hawking defied motor neurone disease for 50 years the independent 26 november 2015 archived from the original on 23 august 2017 retrieved 15 september 2017 1 2 how has stephen hawking lived to 70 with als scientific american 7 january 2012 archived from the original on 30 august 2015 retrieved 23 december 2014 q how frequent are these cases of very slow progressing forms of als a i would say probably less than a few percent stephen hawking an inspirational story of willpower and strength swagatham canada https www swagathamcanada com inspirational stephen hawking an inspirational story of willpower and strength archived 6 november 2021 at the wayback machine 26 october 2021 gardner martin september october 2001 multiverses and blackberries archived 28 july 2016 at the wayback machine notes of a fringe watcher skeptical inquirer volume 25 no 5 price michael clive february 1995 the everett faq archived 20 april 2016 at the wayback machine department of physics washington university in st louis retrieved 17 december 2014 hawking s 1 april 1971 gravitationally collapsed objects of very low mass monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 152 1 75 78 doi 10 1093 mnras 152 1 75 issn 0035 8711 1 2 3 4 penrose roger 14 march 2018 mind over matter stephen hawking obituary the guardian upi almanac for monday 8 jan 2018 united press international 8 january 2018 archived from the original on 8 january 2018 retrieved 21 september 2019 british physicist and author stephen hawking 1942 age 76 1 2 3 4 anon 2015 hawking prof stephen william who s who online oxford university press ed a c black doi 10 1093 ww 9780199540884 013 19510 subscription or uk public library membership required larsen 2005 pp xiii 2 1 2 ferguson 2011 p 21 mind over matter stephen hawking the herald glasgow archived from the original on 30 may 2016 retrieved 14 march 2018 1 2 3 ferguson kitty 6 january 2012 stephen hawking equal to anything excerpt scientific american archived from the original on 22 march 2018 retrieved 21 march 2018 1 2 3 4 5 6 lawley sue 25 december 1992 desert island discs stephen hawking bbc radio 4 1 2 3 4 5 ferguson 2011 p 22 larsen 2005 p xiii white gribbin 2002 p 12 fergu...
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