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there he was soon sent home 303 during his absence santa anna had been deposed upon his arrival the mexican press wasted no time in attacking him for his cruelty towards those prisoners executed at goliad in may 1837 santa anna requested an inquiry into the event 304 the judge determined the inquiry was only for fact finding and took no action press attacks in both mexico and the united states continued 305 santa anna was disgraced until the following year when he became a hero of the pastry war 306 the first texas legislature declined to ratify the treaty houston had signed with the cherokee declaring he had no authority to make any promises 136 although the texian interim governments had vowed to eventually compensate citizens for goods that were impressed during the war efforts for the most part livestock and horses were not returned 307 veterans were guaranteed land bounties in 1879 surviving texian veterans who served more than three months from october 1 1835 through january 1 1837 were guaranteed an additional 1 280 acres 520 ha in public lands 308 over 1 3 million acres 530 thousand ha of land were granted some of this was in greer county which was later determined to be part of oklahoma 309 republic of texas policies changed the status of many living in the region the constitution forbade free blacks from living in texas permanently individual slaves could only be freed by congressional order and the newly emancipated person would then be forced to leave texas 310 women also lost significant legal rights under the new constitution which substituted english common law practices for the traditional spanish law system under common law the idea of community property was eliminated and women no longer had the ability to act for themselves legally to sign contracts own property or sue some of these rights were restored in 1845 when texas added them to the new state constitution 311 during the republic of texas years tejanos likewise faced much discrimination 312 foreign relations edit mexican authorities blamed the loss of texas on united states intervention 284 although the united states remained officially neutral 313 40 percent of the men who enlisted in the texian army from october 1 through april 21 arrived from the united states after hostilities began 314 more than 200 of the volunteers were members of the united states army none were punished when they returned to their posts 313 american individuals also provided supplies and money to the cause of texian independence 315 for the next decade mexican politicians frequently denounced the united states for the involvement of its citizens 316 the united states agreed to recognize the republic of texas in march 1837 but declined to annex the territory 317 the fledgling republic now attempted to persuade european nations to agree to recognition 318 in late 1839 france recognized the republic of texas after being convinced it would make a fine trading partner 319 for several decades official british policy was to maintain strong ties with mexico in the hopes that the country could stop the united states from expanding further 320 when the texas revolution erupted great britain had declined to become involved officially expressing confidence that mexico could handle its own affairs 321 in 1840 after years in which the republic of texas was neither annexed by the united states nor reabsorbed into mexico britain signed a treaty to recognize the nation and act as a mediator to help texas gain recognition from mexico 322 the united states voted to annex texas as the 28th state in march 1845 323 two months later mexico agreed to recognize the republic of texas as long as there was no annexation to the united states 324 on july 4 1845 texians voted for annexation 325 this prompted the mexican american war in which mexico lost almost 55 percent of its territory to the united states and formally relinquished its claim on texas 326 legacy edit further information legacy of the battle of the alamo the san jacinto monument is a memorial to the men who died during the texas revolution although no new fighting techniques were introduced during the texas revolution 327 casualty figures were quite unusual for the time generally in 19th century warfare the number of wounded outnumbered those killed by a factor of two or three from october 1835 through april 1836 approximately 1 000 mexican and 600 texian soldiers died while the wounded numbered 400 mexican and 350 texian in addition around 700 mexican soldiers were captured 328 the deviation from the norm was due to santa anna s decision to label texian rebels as traitors and to the texian desire for revenge 329 during the revolution texian soldiers gained a reputation for courage and militance 312 314 lack points out that fewer than five percent of the texian population enrolled in the army during the war a fairly low rate of participation 314 texian soldiers recognized that the mexican cavalry was far superior to their own over the next decade the texas rangers borrowed mexican cavalry tactics and adopted the spanish saddle and spurs the lasso and the bandana 330 the texas veterans association composed solely of revolutionary veterans living in texas was active from 1873 through 1901 and played a key role in convincing the legislature to create a monument to honor the san jacinto veterans 331 in the late 19th century the texas legislature purchased the san jacinto battlesite which is now home to the san jacinto monument the tallest stone column monument in the world 332 in the early 20th century the texas legislature purchased the alamo mission 333 now an official state shrine 334 in front of the church in the center of alamo plaza stands a cenotaph designed by pompeo coppini which commemorates the defenders who died during the battle 335 more than 2 5 million people visit the alamo every year 336 the texas revolution has been the subject of poetry and of many books plays and films most english language treatments reflect the perspectives of the anglos and are centered primarily on the battle of the alamo 337 from the first novel depicting events of the revolution 1838 s mexico versus texas through the mid 20th century most works contained themes of anticlericalism and racism depicting the battle as a fight for freedom between good anglo texian and evil mexican 338 in both english and spanish language literature the alamo is often compared to the battle of thermopylae 339 the 1950s disney miniseries davy crockett which took considerable license with its source material inspired worldwide interest in the battle 340 within several years john wayne directed and starred in one of the best known and perhaps least historically accurate film versions the alamo 1960 341 q notably this version made the first attempt to leave behind racial stereotypes it was still banned in mexico 342 in the late 1970s works about the alamo began to explore tejano perspectives which had been all but extinguished even from textbooks about the revolution and to explore the revolution s links to slavery 343 see also edit texas portal list of texas revolution battles timeline of the texas revolution secession notes edit spain did not ratify the treaty until february 1821 in the hopes that the delay would stop the americans from recognizing mexico as an independent country 13 for the purposes of this article texas refers to the area north of the medina and nueces rivers and west of the sabine river coahuila y tejas comprises both texas and the province of coahuila the republic of texas includes texas and the land between the nueces river and the rio grande weber 1992 p 166 states that in 1830 there were approximately 7 000 foreign born residents and 3 000 mexican born residents todish todish spring 1998 p 4 states that there were 16 000 anglos and only 4 000 mexican born residents in texas in 1830 barr 1990 p 26 claims 14 mexican soldiers died todish todish spring 1998 p 23 estimated 60 mexican casualties hardin 1994 p 34 claims 76 mexican soldiers died milam was killed by a sharpshooter on december 7 100 if those who arrived after the battle of gonzales are included the average immigration date is 1832 110 these numbers are gathered from a combination of surviving muster rolls and veteran applications for land grants it is likely that the statistics on the texian army size in both 1835 and 1836 underestimate the number of tejanos who served in the army american volunteers who returned to the u s without claiming land are also undercounted 111 as of march 2015 no other historian has examined reid s theory in detail the texas state historical association s article on grant was written by reid and includes mention of this theory houston s orders to bowie were vague and historians disagree on their intent an alternative interpretation is that bowie s orders were to destroy only the barricades that the mexican army had erected around san antonio de béxar and that he should then wait in the alamo until governor henry smith decided whether the mission should be demolished and the artillery removed smith never gave orders on this issue 161 the sabine river marked the eastern border of mexican texas brigido guerrero convinced the mexican army he had been imprisoned by the texians joe the slave of alamo commander william b travis was spared because he was a slave some historians also believe that henry warnell hid during the battle although he may have been a courier who left before the battle began he died several months after the battle of wounds incurred during his escape see edmondson 2000 pp 372 407 groce s landing is located roughly 9 miles 14 km northeast of modern day bellville 232 after getting inaccurate reports that several thousand indians had joined the mexican army to attack nacogdoches american general edmund p gaines and 600 troops crossed into texas this would have provoked a war if they had encountered the mexican army which might have followed houston if he continued his retreat 235 peggy lake also called peggy s lake no longer exists it was located southeast of the mexican breastworks which is now the site of the monument 266 lamar thought houston was deliberately shot by one of his own men 275 new mexico sonora and california revolted unsuccessfully their stated goals were a change in government not independence 292 293 historians j frank dobie and lon tinkle requested that they not be listed as historical advisers in the credits of the alamo because of its disjunction from recognized history 341 footnotes edit association texas state historical the history of slavery in texas from chattel to emancipation texas state historical association retrieved june 30 2026 torget 2015 p 140 carrigan 1999 p 66 kelley 2004 p 716 campbell 1991 p 256 lack 1985 p 190 declaration of independence of texas 1836 texas state library and archives commission texas state library and archives retrieved june 20 2025 weber 1992 pp 149 154 edmondson 2000 p 6 edmondson 2000 p 10 weber 1992 p 291 thonhoff robert h 1952 medina battle of handbook of texas tsha retrieved september 2 2017 weber 1992 p 300 weber 1992 pp 299 300 1 2 lack 1992 p 5 manchaca 2001 pp 161 162 vazquez 1997 p 51 1 2 davis 2006 p 63 edmondson 2000 p 72 edmondson 2000 p 75 weber 1992 p 162 weber 1992 p 161 weber 1992 p 166 manchaca 2001 p 164 davis 2006 pp 60 64 edmondson 2000 p 80 manchaca 2001 p 200 manchaca 2001 p 201 manchaca 2001 p 172 baptist 2014 p 266 davis 2006 p 78 winders 2004 p 20 davis 2006 p 89 davis 2006 pp 92 95 davis 2006 pp 110 117 vazquez 1997 p 69 davis 2006 p 117 vazquez 1997 p 67 davis 2006 p 120 1 2 davis 2006 p 121 hardin 1994 p 6 1 2 3 hardin 1994 p 7 davis 2006 p 122 lack 1992 pp 21 22 hardin 1994 p 23 lack 1992 pp 24 26 davis 2006 p 131 lack 1992 p 25 lack 1992 pp 31 32 lack 1992 p 20 davis 2006 p 198 1 2 davis 2006 p 199 davis 2006 pp 136 138 davis 2006 p 133 edmondson 2000 p 74 1 2 3 winders 2004 p 57 davis 2006 p 138 davis 2006 p 137 davis 2006 pp 139 140 hardin 1994 p 12 1 2 davis 2006 p 142 hardin 1994 p 13 1 2 winders 2004 p 55 hardin 1994 p 26 hardin 1994 p 14 hardin 1994 pp 15 17 davis 2006 p 148 lack 1992 p 190 hardin 1994 p 42 hardin 1994 p 44 1 2 davis 2006 p 176 lack 1992 p 157 hardin 1994 p 46 hardin 1994 pp 17 19 lack 1992 pp 190 191 lack 1992 pp 162 163 lack 1992 p 162 barr 1990 p 6 lack 1992 p 41 davis 2006 pp 150 151 davis 2006 p 151 1 2 davis 2006 p 152 barr 1990 p 19 barr 1990 p 22 barr 1990 p 23 barr 1990 p 26 hardin 1994 p 33 barr 1990 p 60 hardin 1994 p 35 barr 1990 p 29 barr 1990 p 35 1 2 hardin 1994 p 60 hardin 1994 p 62 barr 1990 p 39 1 2 hardin 1994 p 64 edmondson 2000 p 237 edmondson 2000 p 238 edmondson 2000 p 224 davis 2006 pp 179 181 1 2 edmondson 2000 p 243 1 2 winders 2004 p 64 1 2 todish todish spring 1998 p 26 barr 1990 p 55 barr 1990 p 56 1 2 barr 1990 p 58 barr 1990 p 64 hardin 1994 p 91 1 2 3 todish todish spring 1998 p 29 barr 1990 p 63 1 2 lack 1992 pp 114 115 lack 1992 p 113 lack 1992 pp 122 123 lack 1992 pp 34 43 lack 1992 p 49 lack 1992 pp 50 51 1 2 todish todish spring 1998 p 24 1 2 lack 1992 p 51 davis 2006 p 167 winders 2004 p 72 lack 1992 p 52 lack 1992 p 54 1 2 lack 1992 p 55 lack 1992 p 74 lack 1992 p 56 lack 1992 pp 56 57 lack 1992 p 77 todish todish spring 1998 p 27 winders 2004 p 78 reid 2007 p 70 lack 1992 pp 59 60 winders 2004 p 90 lack 1992 p 60 hardin 1994 p 109 lack 1992 p 62 hardin 1994 pp 109 111 1 2 haley 2002 pp 107 108 stuart 2008 pp 68 70 lack 1992 pp 76 77 1 2 lack 1992 p 79 lack 1992 p 86 davis 2006 p 197 1 2 hardin 1994 p 98 davis 2006 p 200 fowler 2007 p 164 todish todish spring 1998 p 20 frazier ph d donald s the u s mexican war army life mexican army pbs org archived from the original on november 6 2007 retrieved february 27 2017 1 2 haynes 2015 p 119 jackson wheat 2005 pp 348 349 1 2 3 4 hardin 1994 p 102 hardin 1994 p 103 davis 2006 p 211 1 2 3 hardin 1994 p 120 davis 2006 pp 205 211 1 2 hardin 1994 p 121 1 2 davis 2006 p 212 todish todish spring 1998 pp 34 36 calore 2014 p 57 hardin 1994 p 105 scott 2000 p 77 del la teja 2010 p 199 1 2 edmondson 2000 p 252 1 2 3 todish todish spring 1998 p 31 hardin 1994 p 117 todish todish spring 1998 p 32 todish todish spring 1998 p 40 1 2 todish todish spring 1998 pp 42 43 edmondson 2000 p 325 hardin 1994 p 128 hardin 1994 p 133 1 2 davis 2006 p 236 edmondson 2000 p 340 edmondson 2000 p 349 edmondson 2000 p 355 1 2 todish todish spring 1998 p 49 hardin 1994 p 136 davis 2006 p 220 hardin 1994 p 138 todish todish spring 1998 p 52 1 2 davis 2006 p 223 hardin 1994 p 148 1 2 3 todish todish spring 1998 p 55 hardin 1994 p 155 davis 2006 p 229 edmondson 2000 p 378 hardin 1994 p 158 reid 2007 p 122 reid 2007 p 131 reid 2007 pp 141 143 reid 2007 p 133 stuart 2008 p 84 reid 2007 p 142 stuart 2008 p 87 stuart 2008 p 88 stuart 2008 pp 91 92 reid 2007 pp 93 94 stuart 2008 pp 95 96 reid 2007 p 97 hardin 1994 p 165 reid 2007 p 102 1 2 stuart 2008 pp 103 104 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