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e greater the weight the stronger the wood chestnuts with wide rings must have stronger wood than chestnuts with narrow rings this agrees with the accepted view that sprouts which always have wide rings yield better and stronger wood than seedling chestnuts which grow more slowly in diameter in diffuse porous woods in the diffuse porous woods the demarcation between rings is not always so clear and in some cases is almost if not entirely invisible to the unaided eye conversely when there is a clear demarcation there may not be a noticeable difference in structure within the growth ring in diffuse porous woods as has been stated the vessels or pores are even sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the ring instead of collected in the earlywood the effect of rate of growth is therefore not the same as in the ring porous woods approaching more nearly the conditions in the conifers in general it may be stated that such woods of medium growth afford stronger material than when very rapidly or very slowly grown in many uses of wood total strength is not the main consideration if ease of working is prized wood should be chosen with regard to its uniformity of texture and straightness of grain which will in most cases occur when there is little contrast between the latewood of one season s growth and the earlywood of the next monocots trunks of the coconut palm a monocot in java from this perspective these look not much different from trunks of a dicot or conifer structural material that resembles ordinary dicot or conifer timber in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants and these also are colloquially called wood of these bamboo botanically a member of the grass family has considerable economic importance larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material and in the manufacture of engineered flooring panels and veneer another major plant group that produces material that often is called wood are the palms of much less importance are plants such as pandanus dracaena and cordyline with all this material the structure and composition of the processed raw material is quite different from ordinary wood specific gravity the single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity timell 1986 26 as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water density is the ratio of the mass of a quantity of a substance to the volume of that quantity and is expressed in mass per unit substance e g grams per milliliter g cm 3 or g ml the terms are essentially equivalent as long as the metric system is used upon drying wood shrinks and its density increases minimum values are associated with green water saturated wood and are referred to as basic specific gravity timell 1986 26 the u s forest products laboratory lists a variety of ways to define specific gravity g and density ρ for wood 27 symbol mass basis volume basis g 0 ovendry ovendry g b basic ovendry green g 12 ovendry 12 mc g x ovendry x mc ρ 0 ovendry ovendry ρ 12 12 mc 12 mc ρ x x mc x mc the fpl has adopted g b and g 12 for specific gravity in accordance with the astm d2555 28 standard these are scientifically useful but don t represent any condition that could physically occur the fpl wood handbook also provides formulas for approximately converting any of these measurements to any other density see also janka hardness test wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into one fairly easily measured wood characteristic elliott 1970 29 age diameter height radial trunk growth geographical location site and growing conditions silvicultural treatment and seed source all to some degree influence wood density variation is to be expected the usda forest service measured a coefficient of variation for the specific gravity of wood as 10 30 in other words about 68 a standard deviation of samples will fall within 10 of the average specific gravity for a given species within an individual tree the variation in wood density is often as great as or even greater than that between different trees timell 1986 26 variation of specific gravity within the bole of a tree can occur in either the horizontal or vertical direction because the specific gravity as defined above uses an unrealistic condition woodworkers tend to use the average dried weight which is a density based on mass at 12 moisture content and volume at the same ρ 12 this condition occurs when the wood is at equilibrium moisture content with air at about 65 relative humidity and temperature at 30 c 86 f this density is expressed in units of kg m 3 or lbs ft 3 if you know the specific gravity at 12 mc g 12 from the wood handbook then multiply by 1120 to get the average dried weight at 12 mc ρ 12 in kg m 3 for example if g 12 is 0 40 then average dried weight is ρ 12 0 40 1120 448 kg m 3 you can also find values for dried weight in two other fpl publications hardwoods of north america 31 and softwoods of north america 32 tables the following tables list the mechanical properties of wood and lumber plant species including bamboo see also mechanical properties of tonewoods for additional properties wood properties 33 34 common name scientific name moisture content density kg m 3 compressive strength megapascals flexural strength megapascals red alder alnus rubra green 370 20 4 45 red alder alnus rubra 12 00 410 40 1 68 black ash fraxinus nigra green 450 15 9 41 black ash fraxinus nigra 12 00 490 41 2 87 blue ash fraxinus quadrangulata green 530 24 8 66 blue ash fraxinus quadrangulata 12 00 580 48 1 95 green ash fraxinus pennsylvanica green 530 29 66 green ash fraxinus pennsylvanica 12 00 560 48 8 97 oregon ash fraxinus latifolia green 500 24 2 52 oregon ash fraxinus latifolia 12 00 550 41 6 88 white ash fraxinus americana green 550 27 5 66 white ash fraxinus americana 12 00 600 51 1 103 bigtooth aspen populus grandidentata green 360 17 2 37 bigtooth aspen populus grandidentata 12 00 390 36 5 63 quaking aspen populus tremuloides green 350 14 8 35 quaking aspen populus tremuloides 12 00 380 29 3 58 american basswood tilia americana green 320 15 3 34 american basswood tilia americana 12 00 370 32 6 60 american beech fagus grandifolia green 560 24 5 59 american beech fagus grandifolia 12 00 640 50 3 103 paper birch betula papyrifera green 480 16 3 44 paper birch betula papyrifera 12 00 550 39 2 85 sweet birch betula lenta green 600 25 8 65 sweet birch betula lenta 12 00 650 58 9 117 yellow birch betula alleghaniensis green 550 23 3 57 yellow birch betula alleghaniensis 12 00 620 56 3 114 butternut juglans cinerea green 360 16 7 37 butternut juglans cinerea 12 00 380 36 2 56 black cherry prunus serotina green 470 24 4 55 black cherry prunus serotina 12 00 500 49 85 american chestnut castanea dentata green 400 17 39 american chestnut castanea dentata 12 00 430 36 7 59 balsam poplar cottonwood populus balsamifera green 310 11 7 27 balsam poplar cottonwood populus balsamifera 12 00 340 27 7 47 black cottonwood populus trichocarpa green 310 15 2 34 black cottonwood populus trichocarpa 12 00 350 31 59 eastern cottonwood populus deltoides green 370 15 7 37 eastern cottonwood populus deltoides 12 00 400 33 9 59 american elm ulmus americana green 460 20 1 50 american elm ulmus americana 12 00 500 38 1 81 rock elm ulmus thomasii green 570 26 1 66 rock elm ulmus thomasii 12 00 630 48 6 102 slippery elm ulmus rubra green 480 22 9 55 slippery elm ulmus rubra 12 00 530 43 9 90 hackberry celtis occidentalis green 490 18 3 45 hackberry celtis occidentalis 12 00 530 37 5 76 bitternut hickory carya cordiformis green 600 31 5 71 bitternut hickory carya cordiformis 12 00 660 62 3 118 nutmeg hickory carya myristiciformis green 560 27 4 63 nutmeg hickory carya myristiciformis 12 00 600 47 6 114 pecan hickory carya illinoinensis green 600 27 5 68 pecan hickory carya illinoinensis 12 00 660 54 1 94 water hickory carya aquatica green 610 32 1 74 water hickory carya aquatica 12 00 620 59 3 123 mockernut hickory carya tomentosa green 640 30 9 77 mockernut hickory carya tomentosa 12 00 720 61 6 132 pignut hickory carya glabra green 660 33 2 81 pignut hickory carya glabra 12 00 750 63 4 139 shagbark hickory carya ovata green 640 31 6 76 shagbark hickory carya ovata 12 00 720 63 5 139 shellbark hickory carya laciniosa green 620 27 72 shellbark hickory carya laciniosa 12 00 690 55 2 125 honeylocust gleditsia triacanthos green 600 30 5 70 honeylocust gleditsia triacanthos 12 00 600 51 7 101 black locust robinia pseudoacacia green 660 46 9 95 black locust robinia pseudoacacia 12 00 690 70 2 134 cucumber tree magnolia magnolia acuminata green 440 21 6 51 cucumber tree magnolia magnolia acuminata 12 00 480 43 5 85 southern magnolia magnolia grandiflora green 460 18 6 47 southern magnolia magnolia grandiflora 12 00 500 37 6 77 bigleaf maple acer macrophyllum green 440 22 3 51 bigleaf maple acer macrophyllum 12 00 480 41 74 black maple acer nigrum green 520 22 5 54 black maple acer nigrum 12 00 570 46 1 92 red maple acer rubrum green 490 22 6 53 red maple acer rubrum 12 00 540 45 1 92 silver maple acer saccharinum green 440 17 2 40 silver maple acer saccharinum 12 00 470 36 61 sugar maple acer saccharum green 560 27 7 65 sugar maple acer saccharum 12 00 630 54 109 black red oak quercus velutina green 560 23 9 57 black red oak quercus velutina 12 00 610 45 96 cherrybark red oak quercus pagoda green 610 31 9 74 cherrybark red oak quercus pagoda 12 00 680 60 3 125 laurel red oak quercus hemisphaerica green 560 21 9 54 laurel red oak quercus hemisphaerica 12 00 630 48 1 87 northern red oak quercus rubra green 560 23 7 57 northern red oak quercus rubra 12 00 630 46 6 99 pin red oak quercus palustris green 580 25 4 57 pin red oak quercus palustris 12 00 630 47 97 scarlet red oak quercus coccinea green 600 28 2 72 scarlet red oak quercus coccinea 12 00 670 57 4 120 southern red oak quercus falcata green 520 20 9 48 southern red oak quercus falcata 12 00 590 42 75 water red oak quercus nigra green 560 25 8 61 water red oak quercus nigra 12 00 630 46 7 106 willow red oak quercus phellos green 560 20 7 51 willow red oak quercus phellos 12 00 690 48 5 100 bur white oak quercus macrocarpa green 580 22 7 50 bur white oak quercus macrocarpa 12 00 640 41 8 71 chestnut white oak quercus montana green 570 24 3 55 chestnut white oak quercus montana 12 00 660 47 1 92 live white oak quercus virginiana green 800 37 4 82 live white oak quercus virginiana 12 00 880 61 4 127 overcup white oak quercus lyrata green 570 23 2 55 overcup white oak quercus lyrata 12 00 630 42 7 87 post white oak quercus stellata green 600 24 56 post white oak quercus stellata 12 00 670 45 3 91 swamp chestnut white oak quercus michauxii green 600 24 4 59 swamp chestnut white oak quercus michauxii 12 00 670 50 1 96 swamp white oak quercus bicolor green 640 30 1 68 swamp white oak quercus bicolor 12 00 720 59 3 122 white oak quercus alba green 600 24 5 57 white oak quercus alba 12 00 680 51 3 105 sassafras sassafras albidum green 420 18 8 41 sassafras sassafras albidum 12 00 460 32 8 62 sweetgum liquidambar styraciflua green 460 21 49 sweetgum liquidambar styraciflua 12 00 520 43 6 86 american sycamore platanus occidentalis green 460 20 1 45 american sycamore platanus occidentalis 12 00 490 37 1 69 tanoak notholithocarpus densiflorus green 580 32 1 72 tanoak notholithocarpus densiflorus 12 00 580 32 1 72 black tupelo nyssa sylvatica green 460 21 48 black tupelo nyssa sylvatica 12 00 500 38 1 66 water tupelo nyssa aquatica green 460 23 2 50 water tupelo nyssa aquatica 12 00 500 40 8 66 black walnut juglans nigra green 510 29 6 66 black walnut juglans nigra 12 00 550 52 3 101 black willow salix nigra green 360 14 1 33 black willow salix nigra 12 00 390 28 3 54 yellow poplar liriodendron tulipifera green 400 18 3 41 yellow poplar liriodendron tulipifera 12 00 420 38 2 70 baldcypress taxodium distichum green 420 24 7 46 baldcypress taxodium distichum 12 00 460 43 9 73 atlantic white cedar chamaecyparis thyoides green 310 16 5 32 atlantic white cedar chamaecyparis thyoides 12 00 320 32 4 47 eastern redcedar juniperus virginiana green 440 24 6 48 eastern redcedar juniperus virginiana 12 00 470 41 5 61 incense cedar calocedrus decurrens green 350 21 7 43 incense cedar calocedrus decurrens 12 00 370 35 9 55 northern white cedar thuja occidentalis green 290 13 7 29 northern white cedar thuja occidentalis 12 00 310 27 3 45 port orford cedar chamaecyparis lawsoniana green 390 21 6 45 port orford cedar chamaecyparis lawsoniana 12 00 430 43 1 88 western redcedar thuja plicata green 310 19 1 35 9 western redcedar thuja plicata 12 00 320 31 4 51 7 yellow cedar cupressus nootkatensis green 420 21 44 yellow cedar cupressus nootkatensis 12 00 440 43 5 77 coast douglas fir pseudotsuga menziesii var menziesii green 450 26 1 53 coast douglas fir pseudotsuga menziesii var menziesii 12 00 480 49 9 85 interior west douglas fir pseudotsuga menziesii green 460 26 7 53 interior west douglas fir pseudotsuga menziesii 12 00 500 51 2 87 interior north douglas fir pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca green 450 23 9 51 interior north douglas fir pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca 12 00 480 47 6 90 interior south douglas fir pseudotsuga lindleyana green 430 21 4 47 interior south douglas fir pseudotsuga lindleyana 12 00 460 43 82 balsam fir abies balsamea green 330 18 1 38 balsam fir abies balsamea 12 00 350 36 4 63 california red fir abies magnifica green 360 19 40 california red fir abies magnifica 12 00 380 37 6 72 4 grand fir abies grandis green 350 20 3 40 grand fir abies grandis 12 00 370 36 5 61 4 noble fir abies procera green 370 20 8 43 noble fir abies procera 12 00 390 42 1 74 pacific silver fir abies amabilis green 400 21 6 44 pacific silver fir abies amabilis 12 00 430 44 2 75 subalpine fir abies lasiocarpa green 310 15 9 34 subalpine fir abies lasiocarpa 12 00 320 33 5 59 white fir abies concolor green 370 20 41 white fir abies concolor 12 00 390 40 68 eastern hemlock tsuga canadensis green 380 21 2 44 eastern hemlock tsuga canadensis 12 00 400 37 3 61 mountain hemlock tsuga mertensiana green 420 19 9 43 mountain hemlock tsuga mertensiana 12 00 450 44 4 79 western hemlock tsuga heterophylla green 420 23 2 46 western hemlock tsuga heterophylla 12 00 450 49 78 western larch larix occidentalis green 480 25 9 53 western larch larix occidentalis 12 00 520 52 5 90 eastern white pine pinus strobus green 340 16 8 34 eastern white pine pinus strobus 12 00 350 33 1 59 jack pine pinus banksiana green 400 20 3 41 jack pine pinus banksiana 12 00 430 39 68 loblolly pine pinus taeda green 470 24 2 50 loblolly pine pinus taeda 12 00 510 49 2 88 lodgepole pine pinus contorta green 380 18 38 lodgepole pine pinus contorta 12 00 410 37 65 longleaf pine pinus palustris green 540 29 8 59 longleaf pine pinus palust...
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